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Energy and Environment Directorate

Diana Bacon

Diana Bacon

(509) 372-6132

Biography

Dr. Bacon is a computational scientist with over 33 years of experience in hydrology and geochemistry. Since joining PNNL in 1986, her work has focused primarily on developing and applying parallel multiphase and reactive transport simulators to understand the fate and transport of radionuclides, carbon and pollutants in groundwater. She led the development of reduced order models of groundwater impacts related to CO2 and brine leakage from underlying formations for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Risk Assessment Program (NRAP). She has contributed to the development of NRAP’s Phase II Integrated Assessment Model and is currently leading the application of NRAP tools to field and synthetic datasets. She is a member of the STOMP development team, and has contributed to the development, parallelization, and application of the code to radioactive waste form weathering, carbon sequestration, and contaminant remediation at the lab and field scale.

Research Interests

  • Carbon sequestration
  • Machine Learning
  • Parallel computing
  • Multiphase flow and reactive transport in the vadose zone
  • Carbon cycling in the vadose zone
  • Performance assessment of radioactive waste sites

Education and Credentials

  • Ph.D., Geology, Washington State University
  • M.S., Hydrology, New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology
  • B.S., Geology, George Mason University
  • B.S., Computer Science, Oregon State University (Expected conferral March 22, 2019)

Affiliations and Professional Service

  • American Geophysical Union

Awards and Recognitions

  • 2017 – R&D 100 Award: National Risk Assessment Partnership Toolset

PNNL Publications

2023

  • Baek S., D.H. Bacon, and N.J. Huerta. 2023. "Enabling Site-Specific Well Leakage Risk Estimation During Geologic Carbon Sequestration Using a Modular Deep-Learning-Based Wellbore Leakage Model." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 126. PNNL-SA-173631. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.103903
  • Baek S., D.H. Bacon, and N.J. Huerta. 2023. NRAP-Open-IAM Multisegmented Wellbore Reduced-Order Model: Improvement and Quality Assurance. PNNL-34107. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. NRAP-Open-IAM Multisegmented Wellbore Reduced-Order Model: Improvement and Quality Assurance
  • Cao R., K.A. Muller, Q. Miller, M.D. White, D.H. Bacon, and H.T. Schaef. 2023. "Reactive Transport Modeling of Anthropogenic Carbon Mineralization in Stacked Columbia River Basalt Reservoirs." In Proceedings of the SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, (URTC 2023), June 13-15, 2023, Denver, CO, Paper No. URTEC-3860189-MS. Richardson, Texas:Society of Petroleum Engineers. PNNL-SA-184675. doi:10.15530/urtec-2023-3860189

2022

  • Dilmore R., D. Appriou, D.H. Bacon, C.F. Brown, A. Cihan, E. Gasperikova, and K. Kroll, et al. 2022. "Computational Tools and Workflows for Quantitative Risk Assessment and Decision Support for Geologic Carbon Storage Sites: Progress and Insights from the U.S. DOE's National Risk Assessment Partnership." In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-16), October 23-24, 2022, Lyon, France. Rochester, New York:Social Science Research Network (SSRN). PNNL-SA-177276. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4298480

2021

  • Vasylkivska V., R. Dilmore, G. Lackey, Y. Zhang, S. King, D.H. Bacon, and B. Chen, et al. 2021. "NRAP-Open-IAM: A Flexible Open-Source Integrated-Assessment-Model for Geologic Carbon Storage Risk Assessment and Management." Environmental Modelling & Software 143. PNNL-SA-163443. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105114
  • Wang Z., R. Dilmore, D.H. Bacon, and W. Harbert. 2021. "Evaluating Probability of Containment Effectiveness at a GCS Sites using integrated assessment modeling approach with Bayesian decision Networks." Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 11, no. 2:360-376. PNNL-SA-154995. doi:10.1002/ghg.2056

2020

  • Bacon D.H., D.I. Demirkanli, and S.K. White. 2020. "Probabilistic Risk-based Area of Review (AoR) Determination for a Deep-Saline Carbon Storage Site." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 102. PNNL-SA-140276. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103153
  • Dai Z., L. Xu, T. Xiao, B.J. McPherson, X. Zhang, L. Zheng, and S. Dong, et al. 2020. "Reactive chemical transport simulations of geologic carbon sequestration: Methods and applications." Earth - Science Reviews 208. PNNL-SA-150913. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103265
  • White S.K., S.A. Carroll, S. Chu, D.H. Bacon, R. Pawar, L.J. Cumming, and J.B. Hawkins, et al. 2020. "A Risk-Based Approach to Evaluating the Area of Review and Leakage Risks at CO2 Storage Sites." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 93. PNNL-SA-142298. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102884

2019

  • Bacon D.H., C. Yonkofski, C.F. Brown, D.I. Demirkanli, and J.M. Whiting. 2019. "Risk-based Post Injection Site Care and Monitoring for Commercial-Scale Carbon Storage: Reevaluation of the FutureGen 2.0 Site using NRAP-Open-IAM and DREAM." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 90. PNNL-SA-140302. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102784

2018

  • Lawter A.R., N. Qafoku, R.M. Asmussen, R.K. Kukkadapu, O. Qafoku, D.H. Bacon, and C.F. Brown. 2018. "Element mobilization and immobilization from carbonate rocks between CO2 storage reservoirs and the overlying aquifers during a potential CO2 leakage." Chemosphere 197. PNNL-SA-125304. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.199

2017

  • Bacon D.H., R. Locke, E. Keating, S.A. Carroll, A. Iranmanesh, K. Mansoor, and B. Wimmer, et al. 2017. "Application of the Aquifer Impact Model to Support Decisions at a CO2 Sequestration Site." Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 7, no. 6:1020-1034. PNNL-SA-124662. doi:10.1002/ghg.1730
  • Freedman V.L., M.J. Truex, M. Rockhold, D.H. Bacon, M.D. Freshley, and D.M. Wellman. 2017. "Elements of complexity in subsurface modeling, exemplified with three case studies." Hydrogeology Journal 25, no. 6:1853-1870. PNNL-SA-128996. doi:10.1007/s10040-017-1564-6
  • Lawter A.R., N. Qafoku, R.M. Asmussen, D.H. Bacon, L. Zheng, and C.F. Brown. 2017. "Risk of geologic sequestration of CO2 to groundwater aquifers: Current knowledge and remaining questions." Energy Procedia 114. PNNL-SA-121493. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1433
  • Loring J.S., D.H. Bacon, R.D. Springer, A. Anderko, S. Gopinath, C. Yonkofski, and C.J. Thompson, et al. 2017. "Water Solubility at Saturation for CO2-CH4 Mixtures at 323.2 K and 9.000 MPa." Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data 62, no. 5:1608-1614. PNNL-SA-122783. doi:10.1021/acs.jced.6b00999
  • Nguyen B., Z. Hou, D.H. Bacon, G.V. Last, and M.D. White. 2017. "Analysis of a complex faulted CO2 reservoir using a three-dimensional hydro-geochemical-mechanical approach." Energy Procedia 114. PNNL-SA-121259. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1479
  • Nguyen B.N., Z. Hou, D.H. Bacon, and M.D. White. 2017. "A Multiscale Hydro-Geochemical-Mechanical Approach to Analyze Faulted CO2 Reservoirs." Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 7, no. 1:106-127. PNNL-SA-113763. doi:10.1002/ghg.1616
  • Qafoku N., A.R. Lawter, D.H. Bacon, L. Zheng, J.E. Kyle, and C.F. Brown. 2017. "Review of the Impacts of Leaking CO2 Gas and Brine on Groundwater Quality"." Earth - Science Reviews 169. PNNL-SA-119041. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.04.010

2016

  • Bacon D.H., N. Qafoku, Z. Dai, E. Keating, and C.F. Brown. 2016. "Modeling the Impact of Carbon Dioxide Leakage into an Unconfined, Oxidizing Carbonate Aquifer." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 44, no. 2016:290-299. PNNL-SA-105184. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.04.008
  • Keating E.H., D.H. Bacon, S.A. Carroll, K. Mansoor, Y. Sun, L. Zheng, and D.R. Harp, et al. 2016. "Applicability of Aquifer Impact Models to Support Decisions at CO2 Sequestration Sites." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 52. PNNL-SA-114632. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.07.001
  • Nguyen B.N., Z. Hou, D.H. Bacon, C.J. Murray, and M.D. White. 2016. "Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Reactive Transport of CO2 and Its Impact on Geomechanical Properties of Reservoir Rocks and Seals." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 46. PNNL-SA-109235. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.01.004
  • Nguyen B.N., Z. Hou, G.V. Last, and D.H. Bacon. 2016. "Three-dimensional Analysis of a Faulted CO2 Reservoir Using an Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka Approach to Rock Elastic Properties and Fault Permeability." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 8, no. 6:828-845. PNNL-SA-117116. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.06.007
  • Xiao T., B.J. McPherson, F. Pan, R.P. Esser, W. Jia, A. Bordelon, and D.H. Bacon. 2016. "Potential Chemical Impacts of CO2 Leakage on Underground Source of Drinking Water Assessed by Quantitative Risk Analysis." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 50. PNNL-SA-118479. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.04.009
  • Yonkofski C., J.A. Gastelum, E.A. Porter, L.R. Rodriguez, D.H. Bacon, and C.F. Brown. 2016. "An Optimization Approach to Design Monitoring Schemes for CO2 Leakage Detection." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 47, no. 2019:233-239. PNNL-SA-110925. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.01.040

2015

  • Lawter A.R., N. Qafoku, H. Shao, D.H. Bacon, and C.F. Brown. 2015. "Evaluating Impacts of CO2 and CH4 Gas Intrusion into an Unconsolidated Aquifer: Fate of As and Cd." Frontiers in Environmental Science 3. PNNL-SA-110137. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2015.00049
  • Mukhopadhyay S., C.A. Doughty, D.H. Bacon, J. Li, L. Wei, H. Yamamoto, and S.E. Gasda, et al. 2015. "The Sim-SEQ Project: Comparison of Selected Flow Models for the S-3 Site." Transport in Porous Media 108, no. 1:207-231. PNNL-SA-112264. doi:10.1007/s11242-014-0361-0

2014

  • Bacon D.H., R. Ramanathan, H.T. Schaef, and B.P. McGrail. 2014. "Simulating Geologic Co-sequestration of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide in a Basalt Formation." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 21. PNNL-SA-97883. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.12.012
  • Bacon D.H., Z. Dai, and L. Zheng. 2014. "Geochemical impacts of carbon dioxide, brine, trace metal and organic leakage into an unconfined, oxidizing limestone aquifer." Energy Procedia 63. PNNL-SA-105080. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.502
  • Carroll S.A., E. Keating, K. Mansoor, Z. Dai, Y. Sun, W. Trainor-Guitton, and C.F. Brown, et al. 2014. "Key Factors for Determining Groundwater Impacts Due to Leakage from Geologic Carbon Sequestration Reservoirs." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 29. PNNL-SA-103266. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.07.007
  • Dai Z., E. Keating, D.H. Bacon, H. Viswanathan, P. Stauffer, A.B. Jordan, and R. Pawar. 2014. "Probabilistic evaluation of shallow groundwater resources at a hypothetical carbon sequestration site." Scientific Reports 4. PNNL-SA-100638. doi:10.1038/srep04006
  • Garcia S., Q. Liu, D.H. Bacon, and M.M. Maroto-Valer. 2014. "An investigation of reaction parameters on geochemical storage of non-pure CO2 streams in iron oxides-bearing formations." Fuel Processing Technology 128. PNNL-SA-103680. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.07.027
  • Hou Z., D.H. Bacon, D.W. Engel, G. Lin, Y. Fang, H. Ren, and Z. Fang. 2014. "Uncertainty analyses of CO2 plume expansion subsequent to wellbore CO2 leakage into aquifers." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 27. PNNL-SA-94280. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.05.004
  • Schaef H.T., C.L. Davidson, A.T. Owen, Q.R. Miller, J.S. Loring, C.J. Thompson, and D.H. Bacon, et al. 2014. "CO2 Utilization and Storage in Shale Gas Reservoirs: Experimental Results and Economic Impacts." Energy Procedia 63. PNNL-SA-105772. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.819
  • Zhong L., K.J. Cantrell, D.H. Bacon, and J.L. Shewell. 2014. "Transport of Organic Contaminants Mobilized from Coal through Sandstone Overlying a Geological Carbon Sequestration Reservoir." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 21. PNNL-SA-97831. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.12.014

2013

  • Bacon D.H. 2013. "Modeling long-term CO2 storage, sequestration and cycling." In Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Geosciences, Technologies, Environmental Aspects and Legal Frameworks, edited by J Gluyas and S Mathias. 110-146. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:Woodhead Publishing. PNNL-SA-83557.
  • Mukhopadhyay S., C.A. Doughty, D.H. Bacon, G. Bacci, R. Govindan, J. Shi, and S.E. Gasda, et al. 2013. "Preliminary Model Comparison Results From the Sim-SEQ Project Using TOUGH2, STOMP, Eclipse, and VESA Approach." In Proceedings, TOUGH Symposium 2012, September 17-19, 2012, Berkeley, California, edited by S Finsterle, et al, LBNL-5808E, 718-725. Berkeley, California:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. PNNL-SA-89092.
  • Mukhopadhyay S., Z. Hou, L.J. Gosink, D.H. Bacon, C.A. Doughty, J.J. Li, and L. Wei, et al. 2013. "Model Comparison and Uncertainty Quantification for Geologic Carbon Storage: The Sim-SEQ Initiative." Energy Procedia 37. PNNL-SA-91251. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.284
  • White M.D., D.H. Bacon, S.K. White, and Z.F. Zhang. 2013. "Fully Coupled Well Models for Fluid Injection and Production." Energy Procedia 37. PNNL-SA-91038. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.295
  • White S.K., L.J. Gosink, C. Sivaramakrishnan, G.D. Black, S. Purohit, D.H. Bacon, and Z. Hou, et al. 2013. "Implementations of a Flexible Framework for Managing Geologic Sequestration Modeling Projects." Energy Procedia 37. PNNL-SA-91339. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.296

2011

  • Bacon D.H., and E.M. Murphy. 2011. "Managing Chemistry Underground: Is Co-Sequestration an Option in Selected Formations?." Energy Procedia 4. PNNL-SA-74646. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.400
  • Bacon D.H., and E.M. Pierce. 2011. "Development of long-term performance models for radioactive waste forms." In Handbook of Advanced Radioactive Waste Conditioning Technologies (Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy), edited by MI Ojovan. 480. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:Woodhead Publishing Limited. PNNL-SA-73388.
  • McGrail B.P., F.A. Spane, E.C. Sullivan, D.H. Bacon, and G. Hund. 2011. "The Wallula Basalt Sequestration Pilot Project." Energy Procedia 4. PNWD-SA-9088. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.557
  • Pierce E.M., and D.H. Bacon. 2011. "Combined Experimental and Computational Approach to Predict the Glass-Water Reaction." Nuclear Technology 176, no. 1:22-39. PNNL-SA-82670.

2009

  • Bacon D.H., B.M. Sass, M. Bhargava, J.R. Sminchak, N. Gupta, and N. Gupta. 2009. "Reactive Transport Modeling of CO2 and SO2 Injection into Deep Saline Formations and Their Effect on the Hydraulic Properties of Host Rocks." In Energy Procedia: GHGT-9: 9th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Technologies, 1, 3283-3290. Amsterdam:Elsevier. PNWD-SA-8379. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.114
  • Bacon D.H., J.R. Sminchak, J.L. Gerst, N. Gupta, and N. Gupta. 2009. "Validation of CO2 Injection Simulations with Monitoring Well Data." In Energy Procedia: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Technologies (GHGT-9), 1, 1815-1822. Amsterdam:Elsevier. PNWD-SA-8378. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.237
  • Bacon D.H., M.D. White, N. Gupta, N. Gupta, J.R. Sminchak, and M.E. Kelley. 2009. "CO2 Sequestration Potential in the Rose Run Formation at the Mountaineer Power Plant, New Haven, West Virginia." In Carbon dioxide sequestration in geological media- State of the science: AAPG Studies in Geology 59. 553-570. Tulsa, Oklahoma:American Association of Petroleum Geologists. PNWD-SA-7605.
  • Barnes D.A., D.H. Bacon, and S.R. Kelley. 2009. "Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone: Regional storage capacity,site characterization, and large-scale injection feasibility, Michigan Basin." Environmental Geosciences 16, no. 3:163-183. PNWD-SA-8562.
  • Pierce E.M., and D.H. Bacon. 2009. "Accelerated Weathering of Waste Glass at 90°C with the Pressurized Unsaturated Flow (PUF) Apparatus: Implications for Predicting Glass Corrosion with a Reactive Transport Model." In Environmental Issues and Waste Management Technologies in the Materials and Nuclear Industries XII, Ceramic Transactions, edited by Alex Cozzi, Tatsuki Ohji. 141-153. Hoboken, New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. PNNL-SA-62710.
  • Wellman D.M., B.K. McNamara, D.H. Bacon, E.A. Cordova, R.M. Ermi, and L.M. Top. 2009. "Dissolution Kinetics of Meta-Torbernite under Circum-neutral to Alkaline Conditions." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 6:551-560. PNNL-SA-65825.
  • Wellman D.M., E.M. Pierce, D.H. Bacon, J.S. Fruchter, V.R. Vermeul, and S.M. Webb. 2009. "Polyphosphate Remediation Technology for In-Situ Stabilization of Uranium." In Waste Management 2009: Waste Management for the Nuclear Renaissance, March 1-5, 2009, Phoenix, Arizona, Paper No. 9093. Tucson, Arizona:WM Symposia. PNNL-SA-63321.

2006

  • Bacon D.H., M.D. White, N. Gupta, N. Gupta, J.R. Sminchak, and M.E. Kelley. 2006. "Assessment of CO2 Injection Potential and Monitoring Well Location at the Mountaineer Power Plant Site." In 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies: GHGT-8, 19-22 June, 2006, Trondheim, Norway, 6 pages. Amsterdam:Elsevier Amsterdam. PNWD-SA-7380.
  • Ojovan M.I., W. Lee, A. Barinov, I.V. Startsceva, D.H. Bacon, B.P. McGrail, and J.D. Vienna. 2006. "Corrosion of low level vitrified radioactive waste in a loamy soil." Glass Technology 47, no. 2:48-55. PNNL-SA-52653.
  • White M.D., B.P. McGrail, H.T. Schaef, and D.H. Bacon. 2006. "Numerically Simulating Carbonate Mineralization of Basalt with Injection of Carbon Dioxide into Deep Saline Formations." In Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources (CMWR XVI), June 19-22 2006, Copenhagen, Denmark. Kgs. Lyngby:Technical University of Denmark. PNNL-SA-48948. doi:10.4122/1.1000000368

2005

  • Freedman V.L., K.P. Saripalli, D.H. Bacon, and P.D. Meyer. 2005. "Implementation of Biofilm Permeability Models for Mineral Reactions in Saturated Porous Media." Computers & Geosciences 31, no. 8:968-977. PNNL-SA-35919.

2004

  • Freedman V.L., P. Saripalli, D.H. Bacon, and P.D. Meyer. 2004. "A Film Depositional Model of Permeability for Mineral Reactions in Unsaturated Media." Vadose Zone Journal. PNNL-SA-35801.

2003

  • Bacon D.H., and B.P. McGrail. 2003. "Lessons Learned From Reactive Transport Modeling of a Low-Activity Waste Glass Disposal System." Computers & Geosciences 29, no. 2003:361-370. PNNL-SA-36368.
  • Bacon D.H., and B.P. McGrail. 2003. "Waste Form Release Calculations for Performance Assessment of the Hanford Immobilized Low-Activity Waste Disposal Facility Using a Parallel, Coupled Unsaturated Flow and Reactive Transport Simulator." In 26th Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, edited by Robert J. Finch and Daniel B. Bullen, 757, 43-48. Warrendale, Pennsylvania:Materials Research Society. PNNL-SA-38386.
  • Bacon D.H., M.I. Ojovan, B.P. McGrail, N. Ojovan, and I.V. Startsceva. 2003. "Vitrified Waste Corrosion Rates From Field Experiment and Reactive Transport Modeling." In 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation, edited by Gary Benda and Fred Sheil, 2, 803-809. Oxford, England:American Society of Mechanical Engineers. PNNL-SA-39121.
  • McGrail B.P., D.H. Bacon, P.D. Meyer, M.I. Ojovan, D.M. Strachan, N. Ojovan, and I.V. Startsceva. 2003. "New Developments in Field Studies of Low Activity Waste Glass Corrosion and Contaminant Transport." In Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXVI: Materials Research Society Symposim Proceedings, edited by RJ Finch and DB Bullen, 757, Paper No. 112.1. Warrendale, Pennsylvania:Materials Research Society. PNNL-SA-37761.

2002

  • Bacon D.H., B.P. McGrail, V.L. Freedman, G. Ventura, P.N. Risoluti, and K.M. Krupka. 2002. "Performance Assessment of Low-Level Waste Disposal Facilities Using Coupled Unsaturated Flow and Reactive Transport Simulators." In Scientific basis for nuclear waste management XXV : symposium held November 26-29, 2001, Boston, Massachusetts; Materials Research Society symposium proceedings, edited by McGrail, B. P.; Cragnolino, G. A., 713, 267-274. Warrendale, Pennsylvania:Materials Research Society. PNNL-SA-35913.

2001

  • McGrail B.P., D.H. Bacon, J.P. Icenhower, F.M. Mann, R.J. Puigh, H.T. Schaef, and S.V. Mattigod. 2001. "Near-Field Performance Assessment for a Low-Activity Waste Glass Disposal System: Laboratory Testing to Modeling Results." Journal of Nuclear Materials 298, no. 1-2:95-111. PNNL-SA-35379.
  • Saripalli K.P., P.D. Meyer, D.H. Bacon, and V.L. Freedman. 2001. "Changes in hydrologic properties of aquifer media due to chemical reactions: A review." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 31, no. 4:311-349. PNNL-SA-31684.

2000

1998

Energy and Environment

Core Research Areas

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