Vince Sprenkle

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 375-2370
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Biography

Dr. Vincent Sprenkle joined PNNL in January 2001 and is currently Technical Group Manager for the Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group at PNNL. This group is focused on the development of electrochemical materials and systems for advanced energy storage and conversion applications. He is also currently project manager for the Department of Energy - Office of Electricity Energy Storage Program at PNNL. This project is focused on the development of electrochemical energy storage technologies to enable renewable integration and to improve grid support. He previously led other projects in the development of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology and planar Na batteries. Prior to his arrival at PNNL, he was a senior ceramic engineer at Litton Life Support and was responsible for the development of prototype advanced electrochemical oxygen generating system. Dr. Sprenkle currently holds 14 US patents on fuel cells, batteries, and high temperature electrochemical devices with 22 pending patent applications. He was name PNNL Inventor of the Year in 2014 and has been recognized as key contributor on 4 licensing activities while at PNNL. He received a 2009 FLC award for Technology Transfer of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology to Delphi Corporation.

PNNL Patents

U.S. Patent No. 11,942,595, March 26, 2024, "SEASONAL ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES".
U.S. Patent No. 11,532,832, December 20, 2022, "ALL-VANADIUM SULFATE ACID REDOX FLOW BATTERY SYSTEM".
U.S. Patent No. 11,145,894, October 12, 2021, "PROCESS FOR FABRICATION OF BETA-ALUMINA SOLID ELECTROLYTES FOR ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES AND ENERGY APPLICATIONS".
U.S. Patent No. 11,050,076, June 29, 2021, "Flow Cell Systems, Flow Cell Batteries, and Hydrogen Production Processes".
U.S. Patent No. 10,727,539, July 28, 2020, "ZINC-IODINE SECONDARY ENERGY STORAGE METHODS, DEVICES, AND ELECTRLYTES ".
U.S. Patent No. 10,693,183, June 23, 2020, "ETHER-BASED ELECTROLYTE FOR NA-ION BATTERY ANODE ".
U.S. Patent No. 10,673,090, June 2, 2020, "All-vanadium sulfate acid redox flow battery system".
U.S. Patent No. 10,615,407, April 7, 2020, "NA-FECL2 ZEBRA TYPE BATTERY".
U.S. Patent No. 10,454,124, October 22, 2019, "HIGHLY STABLE PHENAZINE DERIVATIVES FOR AQUEOUS REDOX FLOW BATTERIES ".
U.S. Patent No. 10,381,667, August 13, 2019, "HIGH PERFORMANCE REDOX FLOW BATTERY STACK ".
U.S. Patent No. 9,793,566, October 17, 2017, "AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES FOR REDOX FLOW BATTERY SYSTEMS".
U.S. Patent No. 9,748,595, August 29, 2017, "High-Energy-Density, Aqueous, Metal-Polyiodide Redox Flow Batteries ".
U.S. Patent No. 9,444,091, September 13, 2016, "Apparatuses for Making Cathodes for High-temperature, Rechargeable Batteries".
U.S. Patent No. 9,356,314, May 31, 2016, "METALLIZATION PATTERN ON SOLID ELECTROLYTE OR POROUS SUPPORT OF SODIUM BATTERY PROCESS".
U.S. Patent No. 9,252,461, February 2, 2016, "Hybrid Energy Storage Devices Having Sodium".
U.S. Patent No. 9,236,620, January 12, 2016, "Composite Separators and Redox Flow Batteries Based on Porous Separators".
U.S. Patent No. 8,728,174, May 20, 2014, " Methods and apparatuses for making cathodes for high-temperature, rechargeable batteries".
U.S. Patent No. 8,293,426, October 23, 2012, "Cassettes for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks and Methods of Making the Same".
U.S. Patent No. 8,182,965, May 22, 2012, "Optimized Cell Configurations for Stable LSCF-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cells".
U.S. Patent No. 7,879,754, February 1, 2011, "Sulfur-Tolerant Catalyst Systems".

PNNL Publications

2022

Paiss M.D., R.J. Franks, J.B. Twitchell, M. Ropp, C. Searles, C.K. Vartanian, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2022. Study of Codes & Standards for Energy Storage Systems: A Report to Congress. PNNL-32789. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Study of Codes & Standards for Energy Storage Systems: A Report to Congress
Shamim N., V.V. Viswanathan, E.C. Thomsen, G. Li, D.M. Reed, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2022. "Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery Evaluation under Peak Shaving and Frequency Regulation Duty Cycles." Energies 15, no. 9:Art. No. 3389. PNNL-SA-170871. doi:10.3390/en15093389
Yuan C., R. Li, X. Zhan, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2022. "Stabilizing Metallic Na Anodes via Sodiophilicity Regulation: A Review." Materials 15, no. 13:4636. PNNL-ACT-SA-10638. doi:10.3390/ma14123260

2021

Choi D., N. Shamim, A.J. Crawford, Q. Huang, C.K. Vartanian, V.V. Viswanathan, and M.D. Paiss, et al. 2021. "LI-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGY FOR GRID APPLICATION." Journal of Power Sources 511. PNNL-SA-161888. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230419
Li M.M., X. Lu, X. Zhan, M.H. Engelhard, J.F. Bonnett, E. Polikarpov, and K. Jung, et al. 2021. "High Performance Sodium-Sulfur Battery at Low Temperature Enabled by Superior Molten Na Wettability." Chemical Communications. PNNL-SA-158605.
Shamim N., E.C. Thomsen, V.V. Viswanathan, D.M. Reed, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2021. "Evaluating ZEBRA battery module under the peak-shaving duty cycles." Materials 14, no. 9:2280. PNNL-SA-160793. doi:10.3390/ma14092280
Xiao B., X. Liu, M. Song, X. Yang, F.O. Omenya, S. Feng, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2021. "A General Strategy for Batch Development of High-Performance and Cost-Effective Sodium Layered Cathodes." Nano Energy 89, no. Part A:106371. PNNL-SA-159970. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106371
Zhan X., M.M. Li, J.M. Weller, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2021. "Recent Progress in Cathode Materials for Sodium-Metal Halide Batteries." Materials 14, no. 12:3260. PNNL-ACT-SA-10558. doi:10.3390/ma14123260

2020

Lu K., B. Li, X. Zhan, F. Xiao, O.J. Dahunsi, S. Gao, and D.M. Reed, et al. 2020. "Elastic NaxMoS2-carbon-BASE triple interface direct robust solid-solid interface for all-solid-state Na-S batteries." Nano Letters 20, no. 9:6837-6844. PNNL-SA-154081. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02871
Rodriguez Perez I.A., L. Zhang, J. Wrogemann, D.M. Driscoll, M.L. Sushko, K. Han, and J.L. Fulton, et al. 2020. "Enabling Natural Graphite in High-Voltage Aqueous Graphite || Zn Metal Dual-Ion Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 41:2001256. PNNL-SA-150985. doi:10.1002/aenm.202001256
Song J., K. Wang, J. Zheng, M.H. Engelhard, B. Xiao, E. Hu, and Z. Zhu, et al. 2020. "Controlling Surface Phase Transition and Chemical Reactivity of O3-Layered Metal Oxide Cathodes for High-Performance Na-ion Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 5, no. 6:1718-1725. PNNL-SA-141318. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00700
Zhan X., J.F. Bonnett, M.H. Engelhard, D.M. Reed, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2020. "A High-Performance Na-Al Battery Based on Reversible NaAlCl4 Catholyte." Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 40:2001378. PNNL-SA-150192. doi:10.1002/aenm.202001378
Zhan X., J.P. Sepulveda, X. Lu, J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, T.L. Lemmon, and K. Jung, et al. 2020. "Elucidating the role of anionic chemistry towards high-rate intermediate-temperature Na-metal halide batteries." Energy storage materials 24. PNNL-SA-143535. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2019.08.021
Zhan X., M.E. Bowden, X. Lu, J.F. Bonnett, T.L. Lemmon, D.M. Reed, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2020. "A Low-Cost Durable Na-FeCl2 Battery with Ultrahigh Rate Capability." Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 10:1903472. PNNL-SA-147633. doi:10.1002/aenm.201903472
Zhan X., M.E. Bowden, X. Lu, J.F. Bonnett, T.L. Lemmon, D.M. Reed, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2020. "Na-FeCl2 Batteries: A Low-Cost Durable Na-FeCl2 Battery with Ultrahigh Rate Capability (Adv. Energy Mater. 10/2020)." Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 10:Article No. 2070042. PNNL-SA-152309. doi:10.1002/aenm.202070042
Zhan X., X. Lu, D.M. Reed, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2020. "Emerging Soluble Organic Redox Materials for Next-Generation Grid Energy-Storage Applications." MRS Communications 10, no. 2:215-229. PNNL-SA-150934. doi:10.1557/mrc.2020.27

2019

Murugesan V., J. Cho, N. Govind, A. Andersen, M.J. Olszta, K. Han, and G. Li, et al. 2019. "Lithium Insertion Mechanism in Iron Fluoride Nanoparticles Prepared by Catalytic Decomposition of Fluoropolymer." ACS Applied Energy Materials 2, no. 3:1832-1843. PNNL-SA-138144. doi:10.1021/acsaem.8b01983
Song J., D. Xiao, H. Jia, G. Zhu, M.H. Engelhard, B. Xiao, and S. Feng, et al. 2019. "A Comparative Study of Pomegranate Sb@C Yolk-Shell Microspheres as Li and Na-Ion Battery Anodes." Nanoscale 11, no. 1:348-355. PNNL-SA-139714. doi:10.1039/c8nr08461k
Xiao B., K. Wang, G. Xu, J. Song, Z. Chen, K. Amine, and D.M. Reed, et al. 2019. "Revealing the Atomic Origin of Heterogeneous Li-Ion Diffusion by Probing Na." Advanced Materials 31, no. 29:Article number 1805889. PNNL-SA-137695. doi:10.1002/adma.201805889

2018

Chang H., X. Lu, J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, K. Han, M.H. Engelhard, and K. Jung, et al. 2018. "Decorating ß"-alumina solid-state electrolyte with submicron Pb spherical particles for improving Na wettability at lower temperatues." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 40:19703-19711. PNNL-SA-135511. doi:10.1039/C8TA06745G
Chang H., X. Lu, J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, S. Son, Y. Park, and K. Jung, et al. 2018. "“Ni-less" Cathodes for High Energy Density, Intermediate Temperature Na-NiCl2 Batteries." Advanced Materials Interfaces 5, no. 10:Article No. 1701592. PNNL-SA-130933. doi:10.1002/admi.201701592
Crawford A.J., Q. Huang, M. Kintner-Meyer, J. Zhang, D.M. Reed, V.L. Sprenkle, and V.V. Viswanathan, et al. 2018. "Lifecycle Comparison of Selected Li-ion Battery Chemistries under Grid and Electric Vehicle Duty Cycle Combinations." Journal of Power Sources 380. PNNL-SA-128874. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.080
Duan W., B. Li, D. Lu, X. Wei, Z. Nie, V. Murugesan, and J.P. Kizewski, et al. 2018. "Towards an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with Higher Theoretical Volumetric Capacities by Utilizing the VO2+/V3+ Couple." Journal of Energy Chemistry 27, no. 5:1381-1385. PNNL-SA-127931. doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2018.05.020
Hollas A.M., X. Wei, V. Murugesan, Z. Nie, B. Li, D.M. Reed, and J. Liu, et al. 2018. "A biomimetic high-capacity phenazine-based anolyte for aqueous organic redox flow batteries." Nature Energy 3, no. 6:508-514. PNNL-SA-130788. doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0167-3
Jung K., H. Chang, J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2018. "An advanced Na-NiCI2 battery using bi-layer (dense/micro-porous) ß"-alumina solid-state electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 396. PNNL-SA-132030. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.06.039
Lu X., H. Chang, J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, K. Jung, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2018. "An Intermediate-Temperature High-Performance Na-ZnCl2 Battery." ACS Omega 3, no. 11:15702-15708. PNNL-SA-137277. doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b02112

2017

Chang H., N.L. Canfield, K. Jung, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2017. "Advanced Na-NiCl2 Battery using Nickel-Coated Graphite with Core-Shell Microarchitecture." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 13:11609-11614. PNNL-ACT-SA-10199. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b00271
Chang H., X. Lu, J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, S. Son, Y. Park, and K. Jung, et al. 2017. "Development of Intermediate Temperature Sodium Nickel Chloride Rechargeable Batteries using Conventional Polymer Sealing Technologies." Journal of Power Sources 348. PNNL-ACT-SA-10210. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.059
Li G., H. Chang, X. Lu, K. Jung, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2017. "Low Cost and Reliable Sodium-Metal Halide (Na-MH) Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage Application." In TechConnect Briefs 2017: Materials for Energy, Efficiency and Sustainability. 11th Annual TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, May 14-17, 2017, Washington DC, edited by M Laudon and B Romanowicz, 122-125. Danville, California:TechConnect. PNNL-ACT-SA-10226.
Lu X., H. Chang, J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, K. Jung, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2017. "Effect of Cathode Thickness on the Performance of Planar Na-NiCl2 Battery." Journal of Power Sources 365. PNNL-SA-125568. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.029
Pan H., B. Li, D. Mei, Z. Nie, Y. Shao, G. Li, and X.S. Li, et al. 2017. "Controlling Solid-Liquid Conversion Reactions for Highly Reversible Aqueous Zinc-Iodine Battery." ACS Energy Letters 2. PNNL-SA-128748. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00851
Shamie J.S., C.H. Liu, L.L. Shaw, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2017. "New Mechanism for the Reduction of Vanadyl Acetylacetonate to Vanadium Acetylacetonate for Room Temperature Flow Batteries." ChemSusChem 10, no. 3:533-540. PNNL-SA-126496. doi:10.1002/cssc.201601126
Song J., P. Yan, L. Luo, X. Qi, X. Rong, J. Zheng, and B. Xiao, et al. 2017. "Yolk-Shell Structured Sb@C Anodes for High Energy Na-ion Batteries." Nano Letters 40. PNNL-SA-127468. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.08.051
Soto F.A., P. Yan, M.H. Engelhard, A. Marzouk, C. Wang, G. Xu, and Z. Chen, et al. 2017. "Tuning the Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Selective Li- and Na-Ion Storage in Hard Carbon." Advanced Materials 29, no. 18:Article No. 1606860. PNNL-SA-121033. doi:10.1002/adma.201606860
Wei X., W. Pan, W. Duan, A.M. Hollas, Z. Yang, B. Li, and Z. Nie, et al. 2017. "Materials and Systems for Organic Flow Batteries: Status and Challenges." ACS Energy Letters 2, no. 9:2187-2204. PNNL-SA-128015. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00650

2016

Cheng Y., D. Choi, K. Han, K.T. Mueller, J. Zhang, V.L. Sprenkle, and J. Liu, et al. 2016. "Toward the Design of High Voltage Magnesium-Lithium Hybrid Batteries Using Dual-Salt Electrolytes." Chemical Communications 52, no. 31:5379-5382. PNNL-SA-115745. doi:10.1039/C6CC00986G
Cheng Y., H. Chang, H. Dong, D. Choi, V.L. Sprenkle, J. Liu, and Y. Yao, et al. 2016. "Rechargeable MgLi Hybrid Batteries: Status and Challenges." Journal of Materials Research 31, no. 20:3125-3141. PNNL-SA-119216. doi:10.1557/jmr.2016.331
Cheng Y., L. Luo, L. Zhong, J. Chen, B. Li, W. Wang, and S.X. Mao, et al. 2016. "Highly Reversible Zinc-ion Intercalation with Chevrel Phase Mo6S8 Nanocubes and Applications for Advanced Zinc-ion Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 22:13673-13677. PNNL-SA-116513. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b03197
Choi D., X. Li, W.A. Henderson, Q. Huang, S.K. Nune, J.P. Lemmon, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2016. "LiCoPO4 Cathode from a CoHPO4xH2O Nanoplate Precursor for High Voltage Li-ion Batteries." Heliyon 2, no. 2. PNNL-SA-112654. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00081
Crawford A.J., E.C. Thomsen, D.M. Reed, D.E. Stephenson, V.L. Sprenkle, J. Liu, and V.V. Viswanathan. 2016. "Development and Validation of Chemistry Agnostic Flow Battery Cost Performance Model and Application to Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Systems." International Journal of Energy Research. PNNL-SA-113966. doi:10.1002/er.3526
Estevez L., D.M. Reed, Z. Nie, A.M. Schwarz, M.I. Nandasiri, J.P. Kizewski, and W. Wang, et al. 2016. "Tunable oxygen functional groups as electro-catalysts on graphite felt surfaces for all vanadium flow batteries." ChemSusChem 9, no. 12:1455-1461. PNNL-SA-113820. doi:10.1002/cssc.201600198
Li B., J. Liu, Z. Nie, W. Wang, D.M. Reed, J. Liu, and B.P. McGrail, et al. 2016. "Metal-organic frameworks as highly active electrocatalysts for high-energy density, aqueous zinc-polyiodide redox flow batteries." Nano Letters 16, no. 7:4335-4340. PNNL-SA-116994. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01426
Li G., X. Lu, J.Y. Kim, K.D. Meinhardt, H. Chang, N.L. Canfield, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2016. "Advanced Intermediate Temperature Sodium-Nickel Chloride Batteries with Ultra-High Energy Density." Nature Communications 7. PNNL-SA-112622. doi:10.1038/ncomms10683
Li X., P. Yan, M.H. Engelhard, A.J. Crawford, V.V. Viswanathan, C.M. Wang, and J. Liu, et al. 2016. "The Importance of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation for Long Cycle Stability Full-Cell Na-Ion Batteries." Nano Energy 27. PNNL-SA-115949. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.07.030
Liu T.L., X. Wei, Z. Nie, V.L. Sprenkle, and W. Wang. 2016. "A Total Organic Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Employing Low Cost and Sustainable Methyl Viologen Anolyte and 4-HO-TEMPO Catholyte." Advanced Energy Materials 6, no. 3:Article No. 1501449. PNNL-SA-110796. doi:10.1002/aenm.201501449
Lu X., G. Li, K.D. Meinhardt, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2016. "Development of Na-beta alumina batteries at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: From tubular to planar." Energy Storage Science and Technology (Chuneng Kexue yu Jishu) 5, no. 3:309-316. PNNL-SA-117915.
Reed D.M., E.C. Thomsen, B. Li, W. Wang, Z. Nie, B.J. Koeppel, and J.P. Kizewski, et al. 2016. "Stack Developments in a kW class all vanadium mixed acid redox flow battery at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 163, no. 1:A5211-A5219. PNNL-SA-112057. doi:10.1149/2.0281601jes
Reed D.M., E.C. Thomsen, B. Li, W. Wang, Z. Nie, B.J. Koeppel, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2016. "Performance of a Low Cost Interdigitated Flow Design on a 1 kW Class All Vanadium Mixed Acid Redox Flow Battery." Journal of Power Sources 306. PNNL-SA-112126. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.089
Shen F., W. Luo, J. Dai, Y. Yao, M. Zhu, E. Hitz, and Y. Tang, et al. 2016. "Ultra-thick, Low-Tortuosity, and Mesoporous Wood Carbon Anode for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 6, no. 14:Article No. 1600377. PNNL-SA-115345. doi:10.1002/aenm.201600377
Vijayakumar M., Q. Luo, R.B. Lloyd, Z. Nie, X. Wei, B. Li, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2016. "Tuning the perfluorosulfonic acid membrane morphology for vanadium redox flow batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 50:34327-34334. PNNL-SA-115747. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b10744
Wang W., and V.L. Sprenkle. 2016. "Energy storage: Redox Flow Batteries Go Organic." Nature Chemistry 8, no. 3:204-206. PNNL-SA-115256. doi:10.1038/nchem.2466
Wang Y., P. Yan, J. Xiao, X. Lu, J. Zhang, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2016. "Effect of Al2O3 on the Sintering of Garnet-Type Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12." Solid State Ionics 294. PNNL-SA-117511. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2016.06.013
Wei X., W. Duan, J. Huang, L. Zhang, B. Li, D.M. Reed, and W. Xu, et al. 2016. "A High-Current, Stable Nonaqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery." ACS Energy Letters 1, no. 4:705-711. PNNL-SA-112127. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00255

2015

Canfield N.L., J.Y. Kim, J.F. Bonnett, R.L. Pearson, V.L. Sprenkle, and K. Jung. 2015. "Effects of Fabrication Conditions on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Duplex ß”-Al2O3 Solid Electrolyte." Materials Science and Engineering B: Advanced Functional Solid-state Materials 197. PNNL-ACT-SA-10031. doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2015.03.009
Cheng Y., R.M. Stolley, K. Han, Y. Shao, B.W. Arey, N.M. Washton, and K.T. Mueller, et al. 2015. "Highly Active Electrolytes for Rechargeable Mg Batteries Based on [Mg2(µ-Cl)2]2+ Cation Complex in Dimethoxyethane." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 20:13307-13314. PNNL-SA-106553. doi:10.1039/C5CP00859J
Cosimbescu L., X. Wei, M. Vijayakumar, W. Xu, M.L. Helm, S.D. Burton, and C.M. Sorensen, et al. 2015. "Anion-Tunable Properties and Electrochemical Performance of Functionalized Ferrocene Compounds." Scientific Reports 5. PNNL-SA-104406. doi:10.1038/srep14117
Crawford A.J., V.V. Viswanathan, D.E. Stephenson, W. Wang, E.C. Thomsen, D.M. Reed, and B. Li, et al. 2015. "Comparative analysis for various redox flow batteries chemistries using a cost performance model." Journal of Power Sources 293. PNNL-SA-108277. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.066
Kim J.Y., N.L. Canfield, J.F. Bonnett, V.L. Sprenkle, K. Jung, and I. Hong. 2015. "A Duplex ß”-Al2O3 Solid Electrolyte Consisting of A Thin Dense Layer and A Porous Substrate." Solid State Ionics 278. PNNL-ACT-SA-10030. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.06.013
Li B., Z. Nie, M. Vijayakumar, G. Li, J. Liu, V.L. Sprenkle, and W. Wang. 2015. "Ambipolar zinc-polyiodide electrolyte for a high-energy density aqueous redox flow battery." Nature Communications 6. PNNL-SA-103966. doi:10.1038/ncomms7303
Li G., X. Lu, J.Y. Kim, V.V. Viswanathan, K.D. Meinhardt, M.H. Engelhard, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2015. "Batteries: An Advanced Na-FeCl2 ZEBRA Battery for Stationary Energy Storage Application." Advanced Energy Materials 5, no. 12:Article No.1500357. PNNL-SA-108976. doi:10.1002/aenm.201570069
Lu X., G. Li, J.Y. Kim, K.D. Meinhardt, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2015. "Enhanced Sintering of ß"-Al2O3/YSZ with the Sintering Aids of TiO2 and MnO2." Journal of Power Sources 295. PNNL-SA-111258. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.147
Lu X., M.E. Bowden, V.L. Sprenkle, and J. Liu. 2015. "A low cost, high energy density and long cycle life potassium-sulfur battery for grid-scale energy storage." Advanced Materials 27, no. 39:5915-5922. PNNL-SA-111546. doi:10.1002/adma.201502343
Reed D.M., E.C. Thomsen, W. Wang, Z. Nie, B. Li, X. Wei, and B.J. Koeppel, et al. 2015. "Performance of Nafion� N115, Nafion� NR-212, and Nafion� NR-211 in a 1 kW Class All Vanadium Mixed Acid Redox Flow Battery." Journal of Power Sources 285. PNNL-SA-108089. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.099
Shamie J.S., C.H. Liu, L.L. Shaw, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2015. "Room Temperature, Hybrid Sodium-Based Flow Batteries with Multi-Electron Transfer Redox Reactions." Scientific Reports 5. PNNL-SA-113345. doi:10.1038/srep11215
Vijayakumar M., N. Govind, B. Li, X. Wei, Z. Nie, S. Thevuthasan, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2015. "Aqua-vanadyl ion interaction with Nafion� membranes." Frontiers in Energy Research 3. PNNL-SA-108088. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2015.00010
Vijayakumar M., Z. Nie, E.D. Walter, J.Z. Hu, J. Liu, V.L. Sprenkle, and W. Wang. 2015. "Understanding Aqueous Electrolyte Stability through Combined Computational and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Case Study on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes." ChemPlusChem 80, no. 2:428-437. PNNL-SA-102555. doi:10.1002/cplu.201402139
Wei X., G. Xia, B.W. Kirby, E.C. Thomsen, B. Li, Z. Nie, and G.L. Graff, et al. 2015. "An Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Based on Neutral Alkali Metal Ferri/ferrocyanide and Polysulfide Electrolytes." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 163, no. 1:A5150-A5153. PNNL-SA-93471. doi:10.1149/2.0221601jes
Wei X., L. Cosimbescu, W. Xu, J.Z. Hu, M. Vijayakumar, J. Feng, and M.Y. Hu, et al. 2015. "Towards High-Performance Nonaqueous Redox Flow Electrolyte through Ionic Modification of Active Species." Advanced Energy Materials 5, no. 1:Article No. 1400678. PNNL-SA-97506. doi:10.1002/aenm.201400678
Wei X., W. Xu, J. Huang, L. Zhang, E.D. Walter, C.W. Lawrence, and M. Vijayakumar, et al. 2015. "Radical Compatibility with Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Its Impact on an All-Organic Redox Flow Battery." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 127, no. 30:8808-8811. PNNL-SA-107928. doi:10.1002/ange.201501443

2014

Cheng Y., L.R. Parent, Y. Shao, C.M. Wang, V.L. Sprenkle, G. Li, and J. Liu. 2014. "Facile Synthesis of Chevrel Phase Nanocubes and their Applications for Multivalent Energy Storage." Chemistry of Materials 26, no. 17:4904-4907. PNNL-SA-101661. doi:10.1021/cm502306c
Cheng Y., Y. Shao, J. Zhang, V.L. Sprenkle, J. Liu, and G. Li. 2014. "High Performance Batteries Based on Hybrid Magnesium and Lithium Chemistry." Chemical Communications 50, no. 68:9644-9646. PNNL-SA-102822. doi:10.1039/C4CC03620D
Li B., M. Gu, Z. Nie, X. Wei, C.M. Wang, V.L. Sprenkle, and W. Wang. 2014. "Nanorod Niobium Oxide as Powerful Catalysts for an All Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Nano Letters 14, no. 1:158-165. PNNL-SA-98433. doi:10.1021/nl403674a
Li B., Q. Luo, X. Wei, Z. Nie, E.C. Thomsen, B. Chen, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2014. "Capacity Decay Mechanism of Microporous Separator-Based All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries and its Recovery." ChemSusChem 7, no. 2:577-584. PNNL-SA-94959. doi:10.1002/cssc.201300706
Li G., X. Lu, J.Y. Kim, J.P. Lemmon, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2014. "Improved cycling behavior of ZEBRA battery operated at intermediate temperature of 175°C." Journal of Power Sources 249. PNNL-SA-98479. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.110
Li G., X. Lu, J.Y. Kim, M.H. Engelhard, J.P. Lemmon, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2014. "The Role of FeS in Initial Activation and Performance Degradation of Na-NiCl2 Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 272. PNNL-SA-101665. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.106
Lu X., G. Li, J.Y. Kim, D. Mei, J.P. Lemmon, V.L. Sprenkle, and J. Liu. 2014. "Liquid-Metal Electrode to Enable Ultra-Low Temperature Sodium-Beta Alumina Batteries for Renewable Energy Storage." Nature Communications 5. PNNL-SA-99549. doi:10.1038/ncomms5578
Viswanathan V.V., A.J. Crawford, D.E. Stephenson, S. Kim, W. Wang, B. Li, and G.W. Coffey, et al. 2014. "Cost and Performance Model for Redox Flow Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 247. PNNL-SA-91534. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.023

2013

Chen D., S. Kim, V.L. Sprenkle, and M.A. Hickner. 2013. "Composite blend polymer membranes with increased proton selectivity and lifetime for vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Power Sources 231. PNNL-SA-89825. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.007
Kim S., E.C. Thomsen, G. Xia, Z. Nie, J. Bao, K.P. Recknagle, and W. Wang, et al. 2013. "1 kW / 1kWh Advanced Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Utilizing Mixed Acid Electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 237. PNNL-SA-92689. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.045
Li B., L. Li, W. Wang, Z. Nie, B. Chen, X. Wei, and Q. Luo, et al. 2013. "Fe/V Redox Flow Battery Electrolyte Investigation and Optimization." Journal of Power Sources 229. PNNL-SA-89815. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.119
Li B., M. Gu, Z. Nie, Y. Shao, Q. Luo, X. Wei, and X. Li, et al. 2013. "Bismuth Nanoparticle Decorating Graphite Felt as a High-Performance Electrode for an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Nano Letters 13, no. 3:1330-1335. PNNL-SA-92494. doi:10.1021/nl400223v
Li G., X. Lu, J.Y. Kim, J.P. Lemmon, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2013. "Cell Degradation of a Na-NiCl2 (ZEBRA) Battery." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 47:14935 - 14942. PNNL-SA-98362. doi:10.1039/C3TA13644B
Liu J., J. Zhang, Z. Yang, J.P. Lemmon, C.H. Imhoff, G.L. Graff, and L. Li, et al. 2013. "Materials Science and Materials Chemistry for Large Scale Electrochemical Energy Storage: From Transportation to Electrical Grid." Advanced Functional Materials 23, no. 8:929-946. PNNL-SA-87308. doi:10.1002/adfm.201200690
Lu X., B.W. Kirby, W. Xu, G. Li, J.Y. Kim, J.P. Lemmon, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2013. "Advanced Intermediate-Temperature Na-S Battery." Energy & Environmental Science 6, no. 1:299 - 306. PNNL-SA-91777. doi:10.1039/C2EE23606K
Lu X., G. Li, J.Y. Kim, J.P. Lemmon, V.L. Sprenkle, and Z. Yang. 2013. "A Novel Low-Cost Sodium-Zinc Chloride Battery." Energy & Environmental Science 6, no. 6:1837-1843. PNNL-SA-90513. doi:10.1039/C3EE24244G
Lu X., J.P. Lemmon, J.Y. Kim, V.L. Sprenkle, and Z. Yang. 2013. "High Energy Density Na-S/NiCl2 Hybrid Battery." Journal of Power Sources 224. PNNL-SA-91778. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.108
Luo Q., L. Li, W. Wang, Z. Nie, X. Wei, B. Li, and B. Chen, et al. 2013. "Capacity Decay and Remediation of Nafion-based All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." ChemSusChem 6, no. 2:268-274. PNNL-SA-89997. doi:10.1002/cssc.201200730
Reed D.M., G.W. Coffey, E.S. Mast, N.L. Canfield, J. Mansurov, X. Lu, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2013. "Wetting of Sodium on ß?-Al2O3/YSZ Composites for Low Temperature Planar Sodium-Metal Halide Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 227. PNNL-SA-89519. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.034
Sprenkle V.L., W. Wang, Q. Luo, X. Wei, B. Li, Z. Nie, and B. Chen, et al. 2013. "Redox Flow Battery Development for Stationary Energy Storage Applications at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." In International Flow Battery Forum, June 26-27, 2013, Dublin, Ireland, edited by A. Price and J. Cainey, 48-49. Malmesbury:Swanbarton Limited. PNNL-SA-95927.
Vijayakumar M., W. Wang, Z. Nie, V.L. Sprenkle, and J.Z. Hu. 2013. "Elucidating the Higher Stability of Vanadium (V) Cations in Mixed Acid Based Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 241. PNNL-SA-95082. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.072
Wei X., Q. Luo, B. Li, Z. Nie, E. Miller, J. Chambers, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2013. "Performance Evaluation of Microporous Separator in Fe/V Redox Flow Battery." ECS Transactions 45, no. 26:17-24. PNNL-SA-88565. doi:10.1149/04526.0017ecst
Wei X., Z. Nie, Q. Luo, B. Li, B. Chen, K.L. Simmons, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2013. "Nanoporous Polytetrafluoroethylene/Silica Composite Separator as a High-Performance All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Membrane." Advanced Energy Materials 3, no. 9:1215-1220. PNNL-SA-91588. doi:10.1002/aenm.201201112
Wei X., Z. Nie, Q. Luo, B. Li, V.L. Sprenkle, and W. Wang. 2013. "Polyvinyl Chloride/Silica Nanoporous Composite Separator for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 160, no. 8:A1215 - A1218. PNNL-SA-92548.

2012

Li G., X. Lu, C.A. Coyle, J.Y. Kim, J.P. Lemmon, V.L. Sprenkle, and Z. Yang. 2012. "Novel Ternary Molten Salt Electrolytes for intermediate-temperature sodium/nickel chloride batteries." Journal of Power Sources 220. PNNL-SA-85553. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.089
Lu X., G. Li, J.Y. Kim, J.P. Lemmon, V.L. Sprenkle, and Z. Yang. 2012. "The Effects of Temperature on the Electrochemical Performance of Sodium-Nickel Chloride Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 215. PNNL-SA-85234. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.020
Powell M.R., K.D. Meinhardt, V.L. Sprenkle, L.A. Chick, and G.L. Mcvay. 2012. "Demonstration of a Highly Efficient Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power System Using Adiabatic Steam Reforming and Anode Gas Recirculation." Journal of Power Sources 205. PNNL-SA-84732. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.098
Stephenson D.E., S. Kim, F. Chen, E.C. Thomsen, V.V. Viswanathan, W. Wang, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2012. "Electrochemical Model of the Fe/V Redox Flow Battery." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 159, no. 12:A1993-A2000. PNNL-SA-88363. doi:10.1149/2.052212jes

2010

Lu X., G.W. Coffey, K.D. Meinhardt, V.L. Sprenkle, Z. Yang, and J.P. Lemmon. 2010. "High Power Planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery." ECS Transactions 28, no. 22:7-13. PNNL-SA-73438. doi:10.1149/1.3492326
Lu X., J.P. Lemmon, V.L. Sprenkle, and Z. Yang. 2010. "Sodium-Beta Alumina Batteries: Status and Challenges." JOM. The Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 62, no. 9:31-36. PNNL-SA-74345.

2007

Mukerjee S., K. Haltiner, R. Kerr, L.A. Chick, V.L. Sprenkle, K.D. Meinhardt, and C. Lu, et al. 2007. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development: Latest Results." ECS Transactions 7, no. 1:59-65. PNWD-SA-8520. doi:10.1149/1.2729074
Weil K.S., E.S. Mast, and V. Sprenkle. 2007. "Agglomeration behavior of solid nickel on polycrystalline barium titanate." Materials Letters 61, no. 28:4993-4996. PNNL-SA-57240. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2007.03.088

2006

Kim J.Y., V.L. Sprenkle, N.L. Canfield, K.D. Meinhardt, and L.A. Chick. 2006. "Effects of Chrome Contamination on the Performance of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O-3 Cathode Used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 153, no. 5:A880-A886. PNWD-SA-7101. doi:10.1149/1.2181435
Weil K.S., E.S. Mast, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2006. "WETTABILITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUB-MICRON BASE METAL ELECTRODES IN BaTiO3 MULTILAYER CAPACITORS." In Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices - Proceedings of the107th Annual Conference of the American Ceramic Society, April 10-13, 2005, Baltimore, Maryland, edited by KM Nair, et al, 174, 259-265. Westerville, Ohio:American Ceramic Society. PNWD-SA-6974.

2005

Kim J.Y., N.L. Canfield, L.A. Chick, K.D. Meinhardt, and V.L. Sprenkle. 2005. "CHROMIUM POISONING EFFECTS ON VARIOUS CATHODES." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, edited by NP Bansal, 26, 129-138. Westerville, Ohio:American Ceramic Society. PNNL-SA-43945. doi:10.1002/9780470291245.ch15
Mukerjee S., K. Haltiner, S. Shaffer, K.D. Meinhardt, L.A. Chick, V.L. Sprenkle, and K.S. Weil, et al. 2005. "DEVELOPMENT UPDATE ON DELPHI'S SOFC STACK." In SOFC-IX, Proceedings of the 207th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, May 15-20, 2005, Quebec City, Quebec, edited by SC Singhal and J Mitzusaki, 1, 48-58. Pennington, New Jersey:Electrochemical Society. PNWD-SA-6801.

2004

Simner S.P., M.D. Anderson, J.E. Coleman, J.Y. Kim, K.D. Meinhardt, V.L. Sprenkle, and J.W. Stevenson. 2004. "SOFC Cathode Interaction with Volatile Chromia Species." In 2004 Fuel Cell Seminar: November 1-5, 2004, San Antonio, Texas. Washington, District Of Columbia:Courtesy Associates. PNNL-SA-42269.

2003

Mukerjee S., S.J. Shaffer, J. Zizelman, L.A. Chick, S. Baskaran, Y.S. Chou, and C.A. Coyle, et al. 2003. "Development Of A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack By Delphi And Battelle." In Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII (SOFC VIII). Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, edited by S.C. Singhal; M. Kokiya, 2003-07, 88-97. Pennington, New Jersey:The Electrochemical Society, Inc. PNWD-SA-5904.
Simner S.P., J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, K.D. Meinhardt, J.P. Shelton, V.L. Sprenkle, and J.W. Stevenson. 2003. "Development of Lanthanum Ferrite SOFC Cathodes." Journal of Power Sources 113, no. 1:1-10. PNNL-SA-36956.
Stevenson J.W., S. Baskaran, L.A. Chick, Y.S. Chou, J.E. Deibler, M.A. Khaleel, and O.A. Marina, et al. 2003. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Development at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." In Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII (SOFC VIII). Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, edited by S.C. Singhal; M Kokiya, 2003-07, 31-42. Pennington, New Jersey:The Electrochemical Society, Inc. PNNL-SA-36986.

2002

Simner S.P., J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, K.D. Meinhardt, J.P. Shelton, V.L. Sprenkle, and J.W. Stevenson. 2002. "Development of Cathode Materials for Low Temperature SOFCs." In 2002 Fuel Cell Seminar: Fuel Cells - Reliable, Clean Energy for the World, November 19-21, 2002, Palm Springs, California., 344-347. Washington, District Of Columbia:Fuel Cell Seminar. PNNL-SA-37651.
Simner S.P., J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, K.D. Meinhardt, V. Sprenkle, and J.W. Stevenson. 2002. "Optimized Lanthanum Ferrite-Based Cathods for Anode-Supported SOFCs." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 5, no. 7:A173-A175. PNNL-SA-52069. doi:10.1149/1.1483156
Simner S.P., J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, K.D. Meinhardt, V.L. Sprenkle, and J.W. Stevenson. 2002. "Optimized Lanathanum Ferrite-Based Cathodes for Anode-Supported SOFCs." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 5, no. 7:A173-A175. PNNL-SA-35877.