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Energy and Environment Directorate

Kevin Simmons

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 375-3651

PNNL Patents

PNNL Publications

2024

  • Simmons K.L. 2024. H2 Materials Compatibility of Low Cost, High Pressure, Polymer H2 Dispensing Hoses - CRADA 399 (Abstract). PNNL-35285. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

2023

  • Ko S., Y. Qiao, J.L. Ramos, W. Kuang, A.C. Denny, T.J. Roosendaal, and K.L. Simmons. 2023. "Low-Velocity Impact Performances of Healed Polymer Fiber Reinforced Plastics." In Proceedings of the Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE 2023), April 17-20, 2023, Seattle, WA. Diamond Bar, California:SAMPE North America. PNNL-SA-181114. doi:10.33599/nasampe/s.23.0309
  • Ko S., Y. Qiao, T.J. Roosendaal, A.C. Denny, J.L. Ramos, W. Kuang, and K.W. Shahwan, et al. 2023. "Low-velocity repeated impact behaviors of Polymer Fiber Reinforced Plastics (PFRPs)." In Proceedings of the American Society for Composites 38th Technical Conference, September 18-20, 2023, Woburn, MA, edited by M. Maiaru, et al. Lancaster, Pennsylvania:DEStech Publications. PNNL-SA-186407. doi:10.12783/asc38/36684
  • Kuang W., B.W. Arey, A. Dohnalkova, L. Kovarik, B. Mills, N.C. Menon, and R.J. Seffens, et al. 2023. "Multi-Scale Imaging of High-Pressure Hydrogen induced Damage in EPDM Rubber Using X-ray Microcomputed Tomography, Helium-Ion Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48, no. 23:8573-8587. PNNL-SA-177303. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.004
  • Kulkarni S.S., K. Choi, N.C. Menon, and K.L. Simmons. 2023. "A diffusion-deformation model with damage for polymer undergoing rapid decompression failure." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 178. PNNL-SA-179864. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2023.105348
  • Li X., T. Wang, Y. Ni, P.A. Meyer, J.L. Ramos, and K.L. Simmons. 2023. Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE) of Plastics: Recycling and Remolding. PNNL-34874. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE) of Plastics: Recycling and Remolding
  • Qiao Y., L.D. Fring, M. Pallaka, and K.L. Simmons. 2023. "A Review of the Fabrication Methods and Mechanical Behavior of Continuous Thermoplastic Polymer Fiber - Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix Composites." Polymer Composites 44, no. 2:694-733. PNNL-SA-168719. doi:10.1002/pc.27139
  • Qiao Y., S. Ko, A. Samanta, D.R. Merkel, Y. Shin, A.D. Guzman, and E.K. Nickerson, et al. 2023. "A Micro-scale Numerical Investigation of Internal and Interfacial Void Defects in Adhesive on Failure Behavior of Adhesively-Bonded Materials with Rough Surfaces." In ASME Aerospace Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference (SSDM 2023), June 19-21, 2023, San Diego, CA, Paper No: SSDM2023-105653, V001T03A001. New York, New York:ASME. PNNL-SA-181181. doi:10.1115/SSDM2023-105653
  • Qiao Y., S. Ko, J.L. Ramos, E.K. Nickerson, A.C. Denny, K.W. Shahwan, and K.L. Simmons. 2023. "Processing Temperature Effect on Failure Behavior of Unidirectional Thermoplastic Polymer-fiber-reinforced Polymers (PFRPs)." In Proceedings of the American Society for Composites 38th Technical Conference, September 18-20, 2023, Woburn, MA, edited by M. Maiaru, et al. Lancaster, Pennsylvania:DEStech Publications. PNNL-SA-185855. doi:10.12783/asc38/36538
  • Qiao Y., Y. Shin, M. Pallaka, E.K. Nickerson, D.R. Merkel, R.J. Seffens, and A. Ortiz, et al. 2023. "Plasma Surface Modification Coupled with Thermal and Step-over Distance Effects on Significant Fracture Improvement of Adhesively-bonded Metal-CFRTP Dissimilar Materials." Composites Science and Technology 232. PNNL-SA-174296. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109833
  • Shin Y., W. Kuang, and K.L. Simmons. 2023. "Network stability of FKM rubber compounds under hydrogen pressure." In Proceedings of the 37th International Polymer Processing Society (PPS-37), April 11-15, 2022, Fukuoka City, Japan. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2884, Paper No. 230002. Melville, New York:AIP Publishing. PNNL-SA-174227. doi:10.1063/5.0168418
  • Shin Y., Y. Qiao, Y. Ni, J.L. Ramos, E.K. Nickerson, D.R. Merkel, and K.L. Simmons. 2023. "Interfacial bond characterization of epoxy adhesives to aluminum alloy and carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide by vibrational spectroscopy." Surfaces and Interfaces 42, no. Part A:Art. No. 103346. PNNL-SA-185204. doi:10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103346

2022

  • Han K., S.D. Burton, E.D. Walter, Y. Shin, W. Kuang, and K.L. Simmons. 2022. "Microsized Pore Structure Determination in EPDM Rubbers Using High-Pressure Xe-129 NMR Techniques." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 126, no. 16:3135-3142. PNNL-SA-167432. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09189
  • Hao C., T. Liu, W. Liu, M. Fei, L. Shao, W. Kuang, and K.L. Simmons, et al. 2022. "Recyclable CFRPs with Extremely High Tg: Hydrothermal Recyclability in Pure Water and Upcycling of the Recyclates for New Composite Preparation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 29:15623-15633. PNNL-SA-172195. doi:10.1039/D2TA03161B
  • Kulkarni S.S., K. Choi, and K.L. Simmons. 2022. "Coupled diffusion-deformation-damage model for polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure." In ASME 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference (MSEC 2022), June 27-July1, 2022, West Lafayette, IN, 2, MSEC2022-80231; V002T05A003. New York, New York:The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. PNNL-SA-168651. doi:10.1115/MSEC2022-80231
  • Qiao Y., D.R. Merkel, E.K. Nickerson, R.J. Seffens, Y. Shin, M. Pallaka, and J.L. Ramos, et al. 2022. "The Roles of Interface, Adherend, and Adhesive in Plasma- and Other-treated Joints of Metals and FRP Materials Under Shear Deformation." In Proceedings of the American Society for Composites - 37th Technical Conference, (ASC 2022), September 19-21, 2022, Tucson, AZ, edited by O. Zhupanska and E. Madenci. Lancaster, Pennsylvania:DEStech Publications, Inc. PNNL-SA-174097. doi:10.12783/asc37/36378
  • Qiao Y., D.R. Merkel, E.K. Nickerson, Y. Shin, R.J. Seffens, A. Ortiz, and K.L. Simmons. 2022. "Mode I Tensile Fracture Behavior of Adhesively-bonded Metal-Metal, Metal-CFRP, and CFRP-CFRP Bi-material Combinations Analyzed by Size Effect Method." Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing 160. PNNL-SA-170430. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107025
  • Qiao Y., M. Pallaka, E.K. Nickerson, L.D. Fring, and K.L. Simmons. 2022. "Understanding the Elastic, Plastic, and Damage Features in Fracturing of Self-reinforced Thermoplastic Composites via Non-destructive Digital Imaging Correlation." In Nondestructive Characterization and Monitoring of Advanced Materials, Aerospace, Civil Infrastructure, and Transportation XVI, March 6-April 11, 2022, Long Beach, CA. Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by H.F. Wu, et al, 1204707, Paper No. 1204707. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-170916. doi:10.1117/12.2615378
  • Qiao Y., Y. Shin, E.K. Nickerson, D.R. Merkel, A. Ortiz, and K.L. Simmons. 2022. "Adhesively-bonded Metal-CFRTP Bi-materials: Enhanced Crack Growth Resistance via Plasma and Quantified Fracture via Size Effect Method." In Proceedings of the American Society for Composites - 37th Technical Conference, (ASC 2022), September 19-21, 2022, Tucson, AZ, edited by O. Zhupanska and E. Madenci. Lancaster, Pennsylvania:DEStech Publications, Inc. PNNL-SA-173713. doi:10.12783/asc37/36496
  • Shin Y., Y. Qiao, N.L. Canfield, Z. Yu, H. Meyer, D.R. Merkel, and E.K. Nickerson, et al. 2022. "Significant slowdown of plasma-optimized surface energy deactivation by vacuum sealing for efficient adhesive bonding." Composites Part B: Engineering 240. PNNL-SA-170346. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110001
  • Shrestha R., J.A. Ronevich, L.D. Fring, K.L. Simmons, N. Meeks, Z. Lowe, and T. Harris, et al. 2022. "Compatibility of Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE) for Distribution of Gaseous Hydrogen." In Proceedings of the ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, July 17-22, 2022, Las Vegas, NV, 4B, Paper No: PVP2022-84791, V04BT06A041. New York, New York:American Society of Mechanical Engineers. PNNL-SA-171543. doi:10.1115/PVP2022-84791
  • Simmons K.L., L.D. Fring, W. Kuang, Y. Shin, Y. Chou, Y. Ni, and Y. Qiao, et al. 2022. Gap Analysis on the Impacts of Hydrogen Addition to the North American Natural Gas Infrastructure Polyethylene Pipelines. PNNL-33736. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Gap Analysis on the Impacts of Hydrogen Addition to the North American Natural Gas Infrastructure Polyethylene Pipelines

2021

  • Kuang W., W.D. Bennett, T.J. Roosendaal, B.W. Arey, A. Dohanlkova, G. Petrossian, and K.L. Simmons. 2021. "In situ friction and wear behavior of rubber materials incorporating various fillers and/or a plasticizer in high-pressure hydrogen." Tribology International 153. PNNL-SA-153343. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106627
  • Kulkarni S.S., K. Choi, W. Kuang, N.C. Menon, B. Mills, A. Soulami, and K.L. Simmons. 2021. "Damage evolution in polymer due to exposure to high-pressure hydrogen gas." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 36:19001-19022. PNNL-SA-158973. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.035
  • Liu T., C. Hao, L. Shao, W. Kuang, L. Cosimbescu, K.L. Simmons, and J. Zhang. 2021. "Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Vitrimer: Robust Mechanical Performance and Facile Hydrothermal Decomposition in Pure Water." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 42, no. 3:Article No. 2000458. PNNL-SA-158250. doi:10.1002/marc.202000458
  • Merkel D.R., E.K. Nickerson, R.J. Seffens, K.L. Simmons, C.W. San Marchi, B.J. Kagay, and J.A. Ronevich. 2021. "Effect of hydrogen on tensile properties of 304L stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures." In Proceedings of the ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP 2021), July 13-15, 2021, Virtual, Online, 4, Paper No: PVP2021-62436, V004T06A055. New York, New York:ASME. PNNL-SA-159130. doi:10.1115/PVP2021-62436
  • Nguyen B., H. Roh, D.R. Merkel, and K.L. Simmons. 2021. "A Predictive Modeling Tool for Damage Analysis and Design of Hydrogen Storage Composite Pressure Vessels." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 39:20573-20585. PNNL-SA-159535. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.139
  • Nguyen B., H. Roh, D.R. Merkel, K.I. Johnson, and K.L. Simmons. 2021. "A Multiscale Modeling Approach to Cryocompressed Hydrogen Storage Pressure Vessels - Part II: Constitutive Modeling and Finite Element Analysis." In International SAMPE Technical Conference & Exposition (SAMPE neXus 2021), June 29-July 1, 2021, VIrtual, Online, 2021-June, 1202 - 1210. Diamond Bar, California:Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. PNNL-SA-150459.
  • Simmons K.L. 2021. Lightweighting Technology by Enhanced Composite with Fully Recyclable Particles (LiTE CFRP) - CRADA 519. PNNL-SA-166045. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Lightweighting Technology by Enhanced Composite with Fully Recyclable Particles (LiTE CFRP) - CRADA 519
  • Simmons K.L., and W. Kuang. 2021. High-Pressure, Low Temperature Composite Nozzles for Long-Term H2 Dispensing - CRADA 399 (Final Report). PNNL-30887. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. High-Pressure, Low Temperature Composite Nozzles for Long-Term H2 Dispensing - CRADA 399 (Final Report)
  • Simmons K.L., W. Kuang, S.D. Burton, B.W. Arey, Y. Shin, N.C. Menon, and B. Smith. 2021. "H-Mat Hydrogen Compatibility of Polymers and Elastomers." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 23:12300-12310. PNNL-SA-153003. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.218

2020

  • Kuang W., S. Lee, B. Zhao, L.S. Fifield, K.L. Simmons, J. Zhang, and T.T. Bisel, et al. 2020. Malleable Thermosets (Vitrimers) from CO2 and Plants. PNNL-30668. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Malleable Thermosets (Vitrimers) from CO2 and Plants
  • Merkel D.R., G. Petrossian, D.T. Clelland, and K.L. Simmons. 2020. "A Mechanical Test Frame for Property Evaluations at Cryogenic Temperature." In International SAMPE Technical Conference and Exhibition, June 1, 2020, Virtual, Online, 2020-June. Diamond Bar, California:Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. PNNL-SA-150569.
  • Merkel D.R., W. Kuang, D. Malhotra, G. Petrossian, L. Zhong, K.L. Simmons, and J. Zhang, et al. 2020. "Waste PET Chemical Processing to Terephthalic Amides and Their Effect on Asphalt Performance." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 14:5615-5625. PNNL-SA-150317. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00036
  • Nguyen B., D.R. Merkel, K.I. Johnson, D.W. Gotthold, K.L. Simmons, and H. Roh. 2020. "Modeling The Effects of Loading Scenario and Thermal Expansion Coefficient on Potential Failure of Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Vessels." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 46:24883-24894. PNNL-SA-146107. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.200

2019

  • Simmons K.L., L. Cosimbescu, J. Zhang, D.R. Merkel, and W. Kuang. 2019. Polymer and Composite Recycle and Upcycling. PNNL-29340. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Polymer and Composite Recycle and Upcycling

2017

  • Fifield L.S., Y. Shin, and K.L. Simmons. 2017. "Non-Destructive Evaluation of Polyolefin Thermal Aging Using Infrared Spectroscopy." In Nondestructive Characterization and Monitoring of Advanced Materials, Aerospace, and Civil Infrastructure 2017. Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by H. Felix Wu; Andrew L. Gyekenyesi; Peter J. Shull; Tzu-Yang Yu, 10169, 101690U. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-125251. doi:10.1117/12.2261983
  • Johnson K.I., M.J. Veenstra, D.W. Gotthold, K.L. Simmons, K.J. Alvine, B. Hobein, and D. Houston, et al. 2017. "Advancements and Opportunities for On-board 700 bar Compressed Hydrogen Tanks in the Progression towards the Commercialization of Fuel Cell Vehicles." SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains 6, no. 2:201-218. PNNL-SA-122239. doi:10.4271/2017-01-1183
  • Nguyen B., C.H. Henager, C.A. Lavender, and K.L. Simmons. 2017. Al/Zr/U-10Mo Foil Sensitivity Analyses. PNNL-26750. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Al/Zr/U-10Mo Foil Sensitivity Analyses

2015

  • Upadhyay P., Y. Hovanski, L.S. Fifield, and K.L. Simmons. 2015. "FRICTION STIR LAP WELDING OF ALUMINUM - POLYMER USING SCRIBE TECHNOLOGY." In Friction Stir Welding and Processing VIII, March 15-19, 2015, Orlando, Florida, edited by RS Mishra, et al, 153-161. Hoboken, New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. PNNL-SA-106300. doi:10.1002/9781119093343.ch17

2014

  • Brooks K.P., K.L. Simmons, and M.R. Weimar. 2014. "Systems Engineering of Chemical Hydrogen Storage, Pressure Vessel and Balance of Plant for Onboard Hydrogen Storage." In 2014 Progress Report for the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program. 30-35. Washington Dc:U.S. Department of Energy. PNNL-23498.
  • Brooks K.P., R.P. Pires, and K.L. Simmons. 2014. "Development and Validation of a Slurry Model for Chemical Hydrogen Storage in Fuel Cell Applications." Journal of Power Sources 271. PNNL-SA-103265. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.186
  • Brooks K.P., T. Semelsberger, K.L. Simmons, and B.A. Van Hassel. 2014. "Slurry-Based Chemical Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive Fuel Cell Applications." Journal of Power Sources 268. PNNL-SA-102109. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.145
  • Choi Y., E. Ronnebro, S.D. Rassat, A.J. Karkamkar, G.D. Maupin, J.D. Holladay, and K.L. Simmons, et al. 2014. "Kinetics Study of Solid Ammonia Borane Hydrogen Release - Modeling and Experimental Validation for Chemical Hydrogen Storage." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP 16, no. 17:7959-7968. PNNL-SA-93992. doi:10.1039/C3CP55280B
  • Simmons K.L., P. Ramuhalli, A.F. Pardini, M.S. Prowant, L.S. Fifield, J.R. Tedeschi, and A.M. Jones, et al. 2014. "Determining Remaining Useful Life of Aging Cables in Nuclear Power Plants using Non-destructive Evaluation." In 2014 ANS Winter Meeting and Nuclear Technology Expo, November 9-13, 2014, Anaheim, CA. Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, 111, 456-458. La Grange Park, Illinois:American Nuclear Society. PNNL-SA-104772.

2013

  • Clayton D.A., S. Bakhtiari, C.M. Smith, K.L. Simmons, P. Ramuhalli, J.B. Coble, and D.L. Brenchley, et al. 2013. "Research and Development Roadmaps for Nondestructive Evaluation of Cables, Concrete, Reactor Pressure Vessels, and Piping Fatigue." In Nondestructive Characterization for Composite Materials, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Homeland Security, March 10, 2013, San Diego, California. Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by TY Yu, et al, 8694, Paper No. 869426. Bellingham, Washington:Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. PNNL-SA-93524. doi:10.1117/12.2010061
  • Nguyen B.N., and K.L. Simmons. 2013. "A Multiscale Modeling Approach to Analyze Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels." Journal of Composite Materials 47, no. 17:2113-2123. PNNL-SA-76934. doi:10.1177/0021998312454508
  • Wei X., Z. Nie, Q. Luo, B. Li, B. Chen, K.L. Simmons, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2013. "Nanoporous Polytetrafluoroethylene/Silica Composite Separator as a High-Performance All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Membrane." Advanced Energy Materials 3, no. 9:1215-1220. PNNL-SA-91588. doi:10.1002/aenm.201201112

2012

  • Ren X., R. Qui, L.S. Fifield, K.L. Simmons, and K. li. 2012. "Effects of Surface Treatments on Mechanical Properties and Water Resistance of Kenaf Fiber-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 26, no. 18-19:2277-2289. PNNL-SA-91410. doi:10.1163/156856111X623087
  • White H., J.E. Tanner, K. Allen, J.M. Benz, S. McOmish, and K.L. Simmons. 2012. "A Passive Tamper Indicating Enclosure For Use Within A Nuclear Weapons Monitoring Regime." In 53rd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM 53), July 15-19, 2012, Orlando, Florida, 4, 2442-2451. Deerfield, Illinois:Institute of Nuclear Materials Management. PNNL-SA-88433.

2011

  • Miller S.D., J.M. Benz, J.E. Tanner, K.L. Simmons, J.D. Valencia, M.M. Conrady, and B.A. Greenfield. 2011. "Enhancing the Security of TIDs Using OSL." In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management 2011 (INMM 52), July 17-21, 2011, Palm Desert, CA, 5, 3937-3946. Deerfield, Illinois:Institute of Nuclear Materials Management. PNNL-SA-80559.
  • Qui R., X. Ren, L.S. Fifield, K.L. Simmons, and K. Li. 2011. "Hemp-Fiber-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites: Optimization of Processing and Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 121, no. 2:862-868. PNNL-SA-70326. doi:10.1002/app.33674
  • Wynn P., H. White, K. Allen, K.L. Simmons, P. Sliva, J.M. Benz, and J.E. Tanner. 2011. "Passive Tamper Indicating Enclosures Incorporating Embedded Optical Fibre." In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management, July 17-21, 2011, Palm Desert, California, 5, 4278-4187. Deerfield, Illinois:Institute of Nuclear Materials Management. PNNL-SA-80597.

2010

  • Fifield L.S., and K.L. Simmons. 2010. "COMPRESSION MOLDED, BIO-FIBER REINFORCED, HIGH PERFORMANCE THERMOSET COMPOSITES FOR STRUCTURAL AND SEMI-STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS." In COMPOSITES: SHAPING NEW VEHICLES, 10th Annual Society of Plastics Engineers Automotive Composites Conference & Exhibition, September 15-16, 2010, Troy, Michigan. Newtown, Connecticut:Society of Plastics Engineers. PNNL-SA-74285.
  • Fifield L.S., C. Huang, and K.L. Simmons. 2010. "Investigation of Polymer Resin/Fiber Compatibility in Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Automotive Materials." In 10th International Conference on Wood & Biofiber Plastic Composites. Madison, Wisconsin:Forest Products Society. PNNL-SA-67109.
  • Fifield L.S., K.L. Simmons, R. Battiste, C. Schutte, M.T. Smith, D. Houston, and L. Berger. 2010. "Evaluation of Composite Natural Fiber-Resin Compatibility." In 2009 Annual Progress Report: Lightweighting Materials. 8-77 - 8-85. Washington, Dc:US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. PNNL-SA-70201.
  • Fifield L.S., K.L. Simmons, S. Laddha, and T.A. Kafentzis. 2010. "PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MOLDED KENAF FIBER REINFORCED VINYL ESTER COMPOSITES THROUGH RESIN ADDITIVE." In SAMPE 2010: New Materials and Processes for a New Economy 55th International SAMPE Symposium, May 17-20, 2010, Seattle, Washington, edited by K Nelson, A Yousefpour and SW Beckwith. Covina, California:Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. PNNL-SA-70709.
  • Miller S.D., J.E. Tanner, K.L. Simmons, M.M. Conrady, J.M. Benz, and B.A. Greenfield. 2010. "An Optically Stimulated Luminescence Uranium Enrichment Monitor." In Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management, July 11-15, 2010, Baltimore, Maryland. Deerfield, Illinois:INMM. PNNL-SA-73248.
  • Simmons K.L., L.S. Fifield, S. Laddha, F. Chen, and K.M. Wright. 2010. "EFFECT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TREATMENTS ON UNRETTED KENAF FIBERS." In SAMPE 2010: New Materials and Processes for a New Economy 55th International SAMPE Symposium, May 17-20, 2010, Seattle Washington, edited by K Nelson, A Yousefpour and SC Beckwith, Paper No. 66. Covina, California:Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. PNNL-SA-70867.

2009

  • Pilli S., K.L. Simmons, J.D. Holbery, V. Shutthanandan, P.B. Stickler, and L.V. Smith. 2009. "A Novel Accelerated Moisture Adsorption Test and Characterization." Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing 40, no. 9:1501-1505. PNWD-SA-8451. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.06.008
  • Simmons K.L., D.T. Howe, S. Laddha, and L.S. Fifield. 2009. "Natural Fiber Composite Retting, Preform Manufacture and Molding (Project 18988/Agreement 16313)." In 2009 Annual Progress Report: Lightweighting Materials. 8-54 - 8-65. Washington Dc:Department of Energy; Vehicle Technologies Office. PNNL-SA-70189.

2008

  • Fifield L.S., C. Huang, K.L. Simmons, J.A. Carpenter, and M.T. Smith. 2008. "Evaluation of Composite Natural Fiber/Resin Compatibility." In Annual Progress Report 2008 Vehicle Technologies Program, Lightweigting Materials. 8-75 - 8-81. Washington, District Of Columbia:US Department of Energy, Vehicle Technologies Program. PNNL-18108.
  • Khaleel M.A., X. Sun, and K.L. Simmons. 2008. "Fabrication and Optimization of Properties of Polymer Laminated Nanoreinforced Automobile Glasses: Experiments and Modeling." Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer chemistry 50, no. 5:568-572. PNNL-SA-54311.
  • Miller S.D., M.K. Murphy, K.L. Simmons, C. Yahnke, C. Yoder, B. Markey, and M. Salasky, et al. 2008. "A HIGH-PRECISION, TISSUE-EQUIVALENT DOSIMETER FOR NUCLEAR ACCIDENT AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY APPLICATIONS BASED ON OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE (OSL) IN AL2O3:C." Radiation Measurements 43, no. 2-6:875-878. PNWD-SA-7895. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.12.054
  • Pilli S., K.L. Simmons, J.D. Holbery, and V. Shutthanandan. 2008. "Accelerated Composite Moisture Infusion Test and Characterization." In CompTest 2008: The 4th International Conference on Composites Testing and Model Identification, edited by F Pierron. Amsterdam:Elsevier. PNWD-SA-8161.
  • Tanner J.E., S.D. Miller, M.M. Conrady, K.L. Simmons, and M.R. Tinker. 2008. "Container Verification Using Optically Stimulated Luminescence." In Institute of Nuclear Materials Management 49th Annual Meeting, July 13-17, Nashville, Tennessee, Paper No. 360. Northbrook, Illinois:Institute of Nuclear Materials Management. PNNL-SA-61295.

2007

  • Holbery J., K.L. Simmons, B.N. Nguyen, and M.T. Smith. 2007. "X-ray Computer Tomography and Real Time Ultrasonic Inspection as Process Development Tools for Discontinuous Fiber Composites." In 7th Annual Automotive Composites Conference & Exhibition. Newtown, Connecticut:Society of Plastics Engineers, Automotive & Composites Division. PNNL-SA-54580.
  • Nguyen B.N., K.L. Simmons, K.I. Johnson, and J. Holbery. 2007. "The Effect of Fiber Orientation on the Elastic Properties of Discontinuous Fiber Composites." In Proceedings of the American Society for Composites-Twenty-Second Technical Conference, 30-207. Lancaster, Pennsylvania:DEStech Publications. PNWD-SA-7880.

2006

  • Weil K.S., E.A. Nyberg, and K.L. Simmons. 2006. "A new binder for powder injection molding titanium and other reactive metals." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 176, no. 1-3:205-209. PNNL-SA-46049.
  • Weil K.S., E.A. Nyberg, and K.L. Simmons. 2006. "A New Binder for Powder Injection Molding Titanium and Other Reactive Metals." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 176, no. 1-3:205-209. PNWD-SA-6658. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.03.154

2005

  • Fifield L.S., K.M. Denslow, A. Gutowska, K.L. Simmons, and J. Holbery. 2005. "ROLE OF FIBER MODIFICATION IN NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITE PROCESSING." In International SAMPE Technical Conference: Materials and Processing Technologies for Revolutionary Applications. Covina, California:Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. PNNL-SA-53296.
  • Johanson R.E., and K.L. Simmons. 2005. "Causal Analysis for Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Spray from Peristaltic Pump Tube Failure." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 5, no. 4:62-66. PNNL-SA-44990.
  • Nyberg E., M.R. Miller, K. Simmons, and K.S. Weil. 2005. "Manufacturers 'need better quality titanium PM powders'." Metal Powder Report 60, no. 10:8-13. PNWD-SA-7490. doi:10.1016/S0026-0657(05)70496-3
  • Nyberg E.A., K.L. Simmons, and K.S. Weil. 2005. "A Novel Method of Injection Molding Titanium Components." In Global Innovations in Materials Processing & Manufacturing; Trends in Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for Transportation Industries and Powder Metallurgy Research and Development in the Transportation Industry. 6th MPMD Global Innovations Symposium : San Francisco, Calif., edited by Thomas R. Bieler, 311-320. Warrendale, Pa:Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. PNWD-SA-6970.
  • Nyberg E.A., M.R. Miller, K.L. Simmons, and K.S. Weil. 2005. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Components Fabricated by a New Powder Injection Molding Technique." Materials Science and Engineering. C. Biomimetic Materials, Sensors and Systems 25, no. 3:336-342. PNWD-SA-6657.
  • Nyberg E.A., M.R. Miller, K.L. Simmons, and K.S. Weil. 2005. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Components Fabricated by a New Powder Injection Molding Technique." Materials Science and Engineering. C. Biomimetic Materials, Sensors and Systems 25, no. 3:336-342. PNWD-SA-7488.
  • Simmons K.L., E.A. Nyberg, K.S. Weil, and M.R. Miller. 2005. "In-situ Formation of Ti Alloys via Powder Injection Molding." In Medical Device Materials II: Proceedings from the Materials & Processes for Medical Devices Conference 2004, August 25-27, 2004, St. Paul, Minnesota, edited by Mike Helmus & Dana Medlin, 225-228. Materials Park, Ohio:ASM International. PNWD-SA-6632.
  • Simmons K.L., E.A. Nyberg, K.S. Weil, and M.R. Miller. 2005. "Powder Injection Molding of Titanium Components." In Medical Device Materials II: Proceedings from the Materials & Processes for Medical Devices Conference 2004, August 25-27, 2004, St. Paul, Minnesota, edited by Mike Helmus & Dana Medlin, 211-216. Materials Park, Ohio:ASM International. PNWD-SA-6628.
  • Simmons K.L., G.G. Jones, S.P. Walsh, and G.M. Wood. 2005. "High Performance Laminates Using Blended Urethane Resin Chemistry." In Composites 2004 Convention and Trade Show, American Composites Manufacturers Association. Arlington, Virginia:American Compositites Manufacturers Association. PNNL-SA-44334.
  • Weil K.S., E.A. Nyberg, and K.L. Simmons. 2005. "Use of a Naphthalene-Based Binder in Injection Molding Net-Shape Titanium Components of Controlled Porosity." Materials Transactions 46, no. 7:1525-1531. PNNL-SA-44449.

2003

  • Conkle H., S.F. Kuczek, S.P. Chauhan, K.L. Simmons, W.D. Samuels, and M. Wyderski. 2003. "Environmentally Friendly, Non-Glycol Type I Aircraft Deicing Fluid." In In-Flight Icing/Ground De-icing International Conference Proceedings, FAA, 2125. New York, New York:Society of Automotive Engineers. PNWD-SA-6013.
  • Morris M.J., and K.L. Simmons. 2003. "Comparing Surfaces and Engineered Interfaces using Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) and Injected SAMs Silanes." Journal of Undergraduate Research. PNNL-SA-39478.
  • Strachan D.M., H.T. Schaef, M.J. Schweiger, K.L. Simmons, L.J. Woodcock, and M.K. Krouse. 2003. "A versatile and inexpensive XRD sample holder for highly radioactive or hazardous samples." Powder Diffraction 18, no. 1:23-28. PNNL-SA-36294.

2000

  • Samuels W.D., K.L. Simmons, G.E. Fryxell, K.L. Alford, R.S. Brooks, M. Neil, and K.E. Piippo, et al. 2000. "Interfacial Chemical Control for Enhancement of Composite Material Strength." In ICCE/7 Seventh Annual International Conference on Composites Engineering, edited by David Hui, 767-768. New Orleans, Louisiana:International Community for Composites Engineering and College of Engineering, U. of New Orleans. PNNL-SA-33296.

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