Wu Xu

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 375-6934
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Biography

Dr. Wu Xu is currently a Chief Scientist in the Battery Materials and Systems Group in the Energy Processes and Materials Division at PNNL. He has 30 years’ knowledge and experience in the development of novel electrolytes and electrode materials for various energy storage systems including lithium ion batteries, lithium metal batteries, lithium-air batteries, redox flow batteries, electrochemical capacitors and electrochromic display devices. He also has expertise in the synthesis of novel lithium salts, organic solvents, ionic liquids and polymer electrolytes, and the characterization and evaluation of structures, morphologies and electrochemical performances. Before joining PNNL in April 2008, he was a Senior Scientist in the Electrolyte Business Group of Ferro Corporation in Cleveland, Ohio for four years. Prior to that, he was a Faculty Research Associate/Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Arizona State University. Dr. Xu has over 200 papers published in peer reviewed professional journals and books, including 2 in Science, 10 in Nature sister journals, 1 book and 7 book chapters. He also holds 33 U.S. patents granted (19 from PNNL) with other 11 patents pending (at PNNL).

Research Interests

Dr. Xu's research interests include the development of materials (electrolytes and electrodes), the investigation of electrode/electrolyte interphases and the integration of batteries, for various energy storage systems including lithium batteries, organic redox flow batteries and supercapacitors.

Education and Credentials

Ph.D., Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, February 2000
M. Eng., Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, China, July 1989
B. Eng., Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, China, July 1986

Affiliations and Professional Service

Journal of Power Sources Advances – Editorial Board
Beyond Lithium-Ion Symposium Organization Committee
Materials Research Society
The Electrochemical Society

Awards and Recognitions

2020 Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate Analytics, November 2020
Distinguished Inventor of Battelle Award, September 2020
PNNL 2019 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, September 2020
PNNL 2018 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, May 2019
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate Outstanding Performance Award, March 2019
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate 2018 Of-The-Year Project Team Award, December 2018
2018 Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate Analytics, November 2018
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate 2017 Of-The-Year Publication Award, December 2017
PNNL Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate Outstanding Performance Award, November 2017
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate Outstanding Performance Award, October 2017
PNNL 2016 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, April 2017.
PNNL 2015 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, March 2016.
PNNL 2014 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, May 2015.
PNNL 2014 Pathway to Excellence Key Contributor – Intellectual Property Award, May 2015.
Battelle Recognition Award of Inventor-of-the-Year of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, May 2014.
PNNL 2013 Inventor-of-the-Year Award, April 2014.
PNNL 2013 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, April 2014.
PNNL 2013 Pathway to Excellence Key Contributor – Intellectual Property Award, April 2014.
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate 2013 Of-the-Year Publication Award, December 2013.
PNNL 2012 Pathway to Excellence Microscopy Today 2012 Innovation Award.
Microscopy Today 2012 Renovation Award.
2012 R&D 100 Award.
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate 2012 Of-the-Year Award – 2012 EED CSM Award Nomination, December 2012.
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate Outstanding Performance Award, 2012, 2010, 2009, 2008.
Discovering Excellence Award “2007 Innovator of the Year” by Arizona Technology Enterprises and Arizona State University, United States, April 2007.
Natural Science Prize of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 1995.
Excellent Supervisors Award of Chengdu University of Science and Technology, China, 1991.

PNNL Patents

U.S. Patent No. 11,664,536, May 30, 2023, "ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES WITH CARBON AND/OR SILICON ANODES (iEdison No. 0685901-20-0027)".
U.S. Patent No. 11,600,859, March 7, 2023, "ELECTROLYTE FOR STABLE CYCLING OF RECHARGEABLE ALKALI METAL AND ALKALI ION BATTERIES (incorporates 31452-E) (iEdison No. 0685901-18-0024)".
U.S. Patent No. 11,127,980, September 21, 2021, "LOCALIZED SUPERCONCENTRATED ELECTROLYTES FOR SILICON ANODES".
U.S. Patent No. 11,094,966, August 17, 2021, "HIGH EFFICIENCY ELECTROLYTES FOR HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS".
U.S. Patent No. 10,854,923, December 1, 2020, "LOW FLAMMABILITY ELECTROLYTES FOR STABLE OPERATION OF LITHIUM AND SODIUM ION BATTERIES ".
U.S. Patent No. 10,734,641, August 4, 2020, "HIGH CAPACITY AND STABLE CATHODE MATERIALS".
U.S. Patent No. 10,547,088, January 28, 2020, "HIGH COULOMBIC EFFICIENCY CYCLING OF METAL BATTERIES".
U.S. Patent No. 10,472,571, November 12, 2019, "LOW FLAMMABILITY ELECTROLYTES FOR STABLE OPERATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES ".
U.S. Patent No. 10,367,189, July 30, 2019, " ANODE-FREE RECHARGEABLE BATTERY ".
U.S. Patent No. 10,243,206, March 26, 2019, "HIGH CAPACITY AND STABLE CATHODE MATERIALS".
U.S. Patent No. 10,170,795, January 1, 2019, "Electrolyte for high efficiency cycling of sodium metal and rechargeable sodium-based batteries comprising the electrolyte".
U.S. Patent No. 9,406,960, August 2, 2016, "Energy Storage Systems Having an Electrode Comprising LixSy ".
U.S. Patent No. 9,184,436, November 10, 2015, "Methods and Energy Storage Devices Utilizing Electrolytes Having Surface-Smoothing Additives".
U.S. Patent No. 9,130,218, September 8, 2015, "Hybrid Energy Storage System Utilizing Redox Active Organic Compounds ".
U.S. Patent No. 9,115,435, August 25, 2015, "Methods for associating or dissociating guest materials with a metal organic framework, systems for associating or dissociating guest materials within a series of metal organic frameworks, and gas separation assemblies".
U.S. Patent No. 9,039,788, May 26, 2015, "Methods for making anodes for lithium ion batteries".
U.S. Patent No. 8,980,460, March 17, 2015, "Methods and Electrolytes for Electrodeposition of Smooth Films".
U.S. Patent No. 8,765,278, July 1, 2014, "HIGH-ENERGY METAL AIR BATTERIES ".
U.S. Patent No. 8,758,947, June 24, 2014, "Graphene-Based Battery Electrodes Having Continuous Flow Paths".
U.S. Patent No. 8,450,014, May 28, 2013, "Lithium Ion Batteries with Titania/AnGraphene Anodes".
U.S. Patent No. 8,425,662, April 23, 2013, "Methods for Associating or Dissociating Guest Materials with a Metal Organic Framework, Systems for Associating or Dissociating Guest Materials Within a Series of Metal Organic Frameworks and Gas Separation Assemblies".

PNNL Publications

2024

Koirala K., L. Jiang, S. Patil, P. Longo, Z. Liu, B. Freitag, and J. Barthel, et al. 2024. "Direct Mapping of Fluorine in Cation Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes." ACS Energy Letters 9, no. 1:10-16. PNNL-SA-191354. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.3c02154

2023

Buyuker I., B. Pei, H. Zhou, X. Cao, Z. Yu, S. Liu, and W. Zhang, et al. 2023. "Voltage and Temperature Limits of Advanced Electrolytes for Lithium-Metal Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 8, no. 4:1735-1743. PNNL-SA-181739. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00235
Cheng C., Y. Zhou, Y. Xu, H. Jia, J. Kim, W. Xu, and C. Wang, et al. 2023. "Dynamic Molecular Investigation of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase of an Anode-Free Lithium Metal Battery Using In Situ Liquid SIMS and Cryo-TEM." Nano Letters 23, no. 18:8385-8391. PNNL-SA-185620. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00709
Corey E.M., Q. Wu, N. Gao, Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, K. Gering, and M. Hurley, et al. 2023. "Localized high-concentration electrolytes get more localized through micelle-like structures." Nature Materials 22, no. 12:1531-1539. PNNL-SA-178219. doi:10.1038/s41563-023-01700-3
Feng G., Y. Shi, H. Jia, S. Risal, X. Yang, P. Ruchhoeft, and W. Shih, et al. 2023. "Progressive and Instantaneous Nature of Lithium Nucleation Discovered by Dynamic and Operando Imaging." Science Advances 9, no. 21:Art. No. eadg6813. PNNL-SA-178235. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg6813
Kautz D.J., X. Cao, P. Gao, B.E. Matthews, Y. Xu, K. Han, and F.O. Omenya, et al. 2023. "Designing Electrolytes With Controlled Solvation Structure for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 13, no. 35:Art. No. 2301199. PNNL-SA-184367. doi:10.1002/aenm.202301199
Lim H., W. Kwak, D. Nguyen, W. Wang, W. Xu, and J. Zhang. 2023. "Three-Dimensionally Semi-Ordered Macroporous Air Electrodes for Metal-Oxygen Batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 11, no. 11:5746-5753. PNNL-SA-180310. doi:10.1039/D2TA09442H
Werres M., Y. Xu, H. Jia, C. Wang, W. Xu, A. Latz, and B. Horstmann. 2023. "Origin of heterogeneous stripping of lithium in liquid electrolytes." ACS Nano 17, no. 11:10218-10228. PNNL-SA-179910. doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c00329

2022

Kim J., Y. Xu, M.H. Engelhard, J. Hu, H. Lim, H. Jia, and Z. Yang, et al. 2022. "Facile Dual-Protection Layer and Advanced Electrolyte Enhancing Performances of Cobalt-Free/Nickel-Rich Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 15:17405-17414. PNNL-SA-168201. doi:10.1021/acsami.2c01694
Li Q., R. Yi, Y. Xu, X. Cao, C. Wang, W. Xu, and J. Zhang. 2022. "Failure analysis and design principles of silicon-based lithium-ion batteries using micron-sized porous silicon/carbon composite." Journal of Power Sources 548, no. n/a:232063. PNNL-SA-168200. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232063
Xu K., W. Xu, and S. Zhang. 2022. "Austen Angell's legacy in electrolyte research." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: X 14. PNNL-SA-169405. doi:10.1016/j.nocx.2022.100088
Xu W., H. Jia, L. Zhong, and X. Cao. 2022. High-Safety Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries : Is non-flammability of electrolyte overrated in the overall safety performance of lithium ion batteries?. PNNL-33366. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. High-Safety Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries : Is non-flammability of electrolyte overrated in the overall safety performance of lithium ion batteries?
Zhang R., C. Wang, P. Zou, R. Lin, L. Ma, L. Yin, and T. Li, et al. 2022. "Compositionally complex doping for zero-strain zero-cobalt layered cathodes." Nature 610, no. 7930:67-73. PNNL-SA-170190. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05115-z
Zhang X., P. Gao, Z. Wu, M.H. Engelhard, X. Cao, H. Jia, and Y. Xu, et al. 2022. "Pinned Electrode/Electrolyte Interphase and Its Formation Origin for Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode in Stable Lithium Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 46:52046-52057. PNNL-SA-175354. doi:10.1021/acsami.2c16890

2021

Cao X., H. Jia, W. Xu, and J. Zhang. 2021. "Review-Localized high-concentration electrolytes for lithium batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 168, no. 1:010522. PNNL-SA-157885. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/abd60e
Cao X., L. Zou, B.E. Matthews, L. Zhang, X. He, X. Ren, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2021. "Optimization of fluorinated orthoformate based electrolytes for practical high-voltage lithium metal batteries." Energy Storage Materials 34, no. n/a:76-84. PNNL-SA-153014. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2020.08.035
Cao X., P. Gao, X. Ren, L. Zou, M.H. Engelhard, B.E. Matthews, and J. Hu, et al. 2021. "Effects of fluorinated solvents on electrolyte solvation structures and electrode/electrolyte interphases for lithium metal batteries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). 118, no. 9:e2020357118. PNNL-SA-154541. doi:10.1073/pnas.2020357118
Gao P., H. Wu, X. Zhang, H. Jia, J. Kim, M.H. Engelhard, and C. Niu, et al. 2021. "Optimization of Magnesium-Doped Lithium Metal Anode for High Performance Lithium Metal Batteries through Modeling and Experiment." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60, no. 30:16506-16513. PNNL-SA-155950. doi:10.1002/anie.202103344
Horstmann B., J. Shi, R. Amine, M. Werres, X. He, H. Jia, and F. Hausen, et al. 2021. "Strategies towards enabling lithium metal in batteries: interphases and electrodes." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 10:5289-5314. PNNL-SA-160592. doi:10.1039/d1ee00767j
Jia H., and W. Xu. 2021. "Nonflammable Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries." Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 30. PNNL-SA-161413. doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2021.100781
Jia H., X. Zhang, Y. Xu, L. Zou, J. Kim, P. Gao, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2021. "Toward the Practical Use of Cobalt-Free Lithium-Ion Batteries by an Advanced Ether-Based Electrolyte." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 37:44339-44347. PNNL-SA-162906. doi:10.1021/acsami.1c12072
Jia H., Y. Xu, X. Zhang, S.D. Burton, P. Gao, B.E. Matthews, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2021. "Advanced low-flammable electrolytes for stable operation of high-voltage lithium-ion batteries." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60, no. 23:12999-13006. PNNL-SA-159888. doi:10.1002/anie.202102403
Lim H., W. Kwak, S. Chae, S. Wi, L. Li, J. Hu, and J. Tao, et al. 2021. "Stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer Formed by Electrochemical Pretreatment of Gel Polymer Coating on Li Metal Anode for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 6, no. 9:3321-3331. PNNL-SA-162928. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01144
Liu Y., X. Wu, C. Niu, W. Xu, X. Cao, J. Zhang, and X. Jiang, et al. 2021. "Systematic Evaluation of Carbon Hosts for High-Energy Rechargeable Lithium-Metal Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 6, no. 4:1550-1559. PNNL-SA-158156. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00186
Niu C., D. Liu, J.A. Lochala, C.S. Anderson, X. Cao, M.E. Gross, and W. Xu, et al. 2021. "Balancing Interfacial Reactions to Achieve Long Cycle Life in High Energy Lithium Metal Batteries." Nature Energy 6, no. 7:723-732. PNNL-SA-158492. doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00852-3
Wu H., H. Jia, C. Wang, J. Zhang, and W. Xu. 2021. "Recent progress in understanding solid electrolyte interphase on lithium metal anode." Advanced Energy Materials 11, no. 5:2003092. PNNL-SA-155507. doi:10.1002/aenm.202003092
Wu H., P. Gao, H. Jia, L. Zou, L. Zhang, X. Cao, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2021. "A Polymer-in-Salt Electrolyte with Enhanced Oxidative Stability for Lithium Metal Polymer Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 27:31583-31593. PNNL-SA-159667. doi:10.1021/acsami.1c04637
Zhang J., Q. Li, X. Li, W. Xu, and R. Yi. 2021. Silicon-Based Anodes for Long-Cycle-Life Lithium-ion Batteries. PNNL-31881. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Silicon-Based Anodes for Long-Cycle-Life Lithium-ion Batteries
Zhang X., H. Jia, L. Zou, Y. Xu, L. Mu, Z. Yang, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2021. "Electrolyte Regulating toward Stabilization of Cobalt-Free Ultrahigh-Nickel Layered Oxide Cathode in Lithium-Ion Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 6, no. 4:1324-1332. PNNL-SA-158874. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00374

2020

Jia H., Y. Xu, S.D. Burton, P. Gao, X. Zhang, B.E. Matthews, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2020. "Enabling Ether-Based Electrolytes for Long Cycle Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries at High Charge Voltage." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 49:54893-54903. PNNL-SA-156239. doi:10.1021/acsami.0c18177
Kwak W., S. Chae, R. Feng, P. Gao, J. Read, M.H. Engelhard, and L. Zhong, et al. 2020. "Optimized Electrolyte with High Electrochemical Stability and Oxygen Solubility for Lithium-Oxygen and Lithium-Air Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 5, no. 7:2182-2190. PNNL-SA-150369. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00809
Malhotra D., Y. Jiang, P.K. Koech, and W. Xu. 2020. A modular chemo-selective oxygen production unit to deliver oxygen for advanced combustion systems. PNNL-30795. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. A modular chemo-selective oxygen production unit to deliver oxygen for advanced combustion systems
Peng Z., X. Cao, P. Gao, H. Jia, X. Ren, S. Roy, and Z. Li, et al. 2020. "High-Power Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by High-Concentration Acetonitrile-Based Electrolytes with Vinylene Carbonate Additive." Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 24:2001285. PNNL-SA-149736. doi:10.1002/adfm.202001285
Ren X., P. Gao, L. Zou, S. Jiao, X. Cao, X. Zhang, and H. Jia, et al. 2020. "Role of inner solvation sheath within salt-solvent complexes in tailoring electrode/electrolyte interphases for lithium metal batteries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 117, no. 46:28603-28613. PNNL-SA-153382. doi:10.1073/pnas.2010852117
Ren X., X. Zhang, Z. Shadike, L. Zou, H. Jia, X. Cao, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2020. "Designing Advanced In Situ Electrode/Electrolyte Interphases for Wide Temperature Operation of 4.5 V Li || LiCoO2 Batteries." Advanced Materials 32, no. 49:2004898. PNNL-SA-154434. doi:10.1002/adma.202004898
Wang H., X. Cao, H. Gu, Y. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Zhang, and W. Huang, et al. 2020. "Improving Lithium Metal Composite Anodes with Seeding and Pillaring Effects of Silicon Nanoparticles." ACS Nano 14, no. 4:4601-4608. PNNL-SA-150465. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c00184
Wang H., Y. Shao, H. Pan, X. Feng, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, and E.D. Walter, et al. 2020. "A lithium-sulfur battery with a solution-mediated pathway operating under lean electrolyte conditions." Nano Energy 76, no. n/a:105041. PNNL-SA-143093. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105041
Xu Y., H. Wu, H. Jia, M.H. Engelhard, J. Zhang, W. Xu, and C. Wang. 2020. "Sweeping potential regulated structural and chemical evolution of solid-electrolyte interphase on Cu and Li as revealed by cryo-TEM." Nano Energy 76, no. n/a:105040. PNNL-SA-153402. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105040
Xu Y., H. Wu, Y. He, Q. Chen, J. Zhang, W. Xu, and C. Wang. 2020. "Atomic to Nanoscale Origin of Vinylene Carbonate Enhanced Cycling Stability of Lithium Metal Anode Revealed by Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy." Nano Letters 20, no. 1:418-425. PNNL-SA-149594. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04111
Zhang J., W. Xu, J. Xiao, X. Cao, and J. Liu. 2020. "Lithium Metal Anodes with Nonaqueous Electrolytes." Chemical Reviews 120, no. 24:13312-13348. PNNL-SA-142974. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00275
Zhang X., H. Jia, Y. Xu, L. Zou, M.H. Engelhard, B.E. Matthews, and C. Wang, et al. 2020. "Unravelling high-temperature stability of lithium-ion battery with lithium-rich oxide cathode in localized high-concentration electrolyte." Journal of Power Sources Advances 5, no. n/a:100024. PNNL-SA-152836. doi:10.1016/j.powera.2020.100024
Zhang X., L. Zou, Y. Xu, X. Cao, M.H. Engelhard, B.E. Matthews, and L. Zhong, et al. 2020. "Advanced electrolytes for fast-charging high-voltage lithium-ion batteries in wide-temperature range." Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 22:2000368. PNNL-SA-150274. doi:10.1002/aenm.202000368
Zhao W., L. Zou, H. Jia, J. Zheng, d. wang, J. Song, and C. Hong, et al. 2020. "Optimized Al Doping Improves Both Interphase Stability and Bulk Structural Integrity of Ni-Rich NMC Cathode Materials." ACS Applied Energy Materials 3, no. 4:3369-3377. PNNL-SA-144184. doi:10.1021/acsaem.9b02372
Zhou Y., M. Su, X. Yu, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Ren, and R. Cao, et al. 2020. "Real-time mass spectrometric characterization of the solid-electrolyte interphase of a lithium-ion battery." Nature Nanotechnology 15, no. 3:224-230. PNNL-SA-144845. doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0618-4

2019

Cao X., X. Ren, L. Zou, M.H. Engelhard, W. Huang, H. Wang, and B.E. Matthews, et al. 2019. "Monolithic solid-electrolyte interphases formed in fluorinated orthoformate-based electrolytes minimize Li depletion and pulverization." Nature Energy 4, no. 9:796-805. PNNL-SA-141828. doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0464-5
Cao X., Y. Xu, L. Zhang, M.H. Engelhard, L. Zhong, X. Ren, and H. Jia, et al. 2019. "Nonflammable Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries Enabled by Ultraconformal Passivation Interphases." ACS Energy Letters 4, no. 10:2529-2534. PNNL-SA-145269. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01926
Chen S., C. Niu, H. Lee, Q. Li, L. Yu, W. Xu, and J. Zhang, et al. 2019. "Critical Parameters for Evaluating Coin Cells and Pouch Cells of Rechargeable Li-Metal Batteries." Joule 3, no. 4:1094-1105. PNNL-SA-131547. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.02.004
He Y., X. Ren, Y. Xu, M.H. Engelhard, X. Li, J. Xiao, and J. Liu, et al. 2019. "Origin of Lithium Whisker Formation and Growth under Stress." Nature Nanotechnology 14, no. 11:1042-1047. PNNL-SA-144887. doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0558-z
Jia H., L. Zou, P. Gao, X. Cao, W. Zhao, Y. He, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2019. "High-performance silicon anodes enabled by nonflammable localized high-concentration electrolytes." Advanced Energy Materials 9, no. 31:Article No. 1900784. PNNL-SA-141600. doi:10.1002/aenm.201900784
Liu B., Q. Li, M.H. Engelhard, Y. He, X. Zhang, D. Mei, and C. Wang, et al. 2019. "Constructing Robust Electrode/Electrolyte Interphases to Enable Wide Temperature Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 24:21496-21505. PNNL-SA-141223. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b03821
Liu J., Z. Bao, Y. Cui, E. Dufek, J. Goodenough, P. Khalifah, and Q. Li, et al. 2019. "Pathways for Practical High-Energy Long-Cycling Lithium Metal Batteries." Nature Energy 4, no. 3:180-186. PNNL-SA-129839. doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0338-x
Niu C., H. Lee, S. Chen, Q. Li, J. Du, W. Xu, and J. Zhang, et al. 2019. "High-energy lithium metal pouch cells with limited anode swelling and long stable cycles." Nature Energy 4, no. 7:551-559. PNNL-SA-139913. doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0390-6
Niu C., H. Pan, W. Xu, J. Xiao, J. Zhang, L. Luo, and C. Wang, et al. 2019. "Self-Smoothing Anode for Achieving High-Energy Lithium Metal Batteries under Realistic Conditions." Nature Nanotechnology 14, no. 6:594-601. PNNL-SA-135477. doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0427-9
Peng Z., F. Ren, S. Yang, M. Wang, J. Sun, D. Wang, and W. Xu, et al. 2019. "A Highly stable host for lithium metal anode enabled by Li9Al4-Li3N-AlN structure." Nano Energy 59. PNNL-SA-139672. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.033
Peng Z., J. Song, L. Huai, H. Jia, B. Xiao, L. Zou, and G. Zhu, et al. 2019. "Enhanced Stability of Li Metal Anodes by Synergetic Control of Nucleation and the Solid Electrolyte Interphase." Advanced Energy Materials 9, no. 42:1901764. PNNL-SA-144016. doi:10.1002/aenm.201901764
Ren X., L. Zou, S. Jiao, D. Mei, M.H. Engelhard, Q. Li, and H. Lee, et al. 2019. "High-Concentration Ether Electrolytes for Stable High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 4, no. 4:896-902. PNNL-SA-134330. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00381
Ren X., L. Zou, X. Cao, M.H. Engelhard, W. Liu, S.D. Burton, and H. Lee, et al. 2019. "Enabling High-Voltage Lithium-Metal Batteries under Practical Conditions." Joule 3, no. 7:1662-1676. PNNL-SA-140396. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.05.006
Shutthanandan V., M.I. Nandasiri, J. Zheng, M.H. Engelhard, W. Xu, S. Thevuthasan, and V. Murugesan. 2019. "Applications of XPS in the Characterization of Battery Materials." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 231. PNNL-SA-134570. doi:10.1016/j.elspec.2018.05.005
Song S., L. Yu, Y. Ruan, J. Sun, B. Chen, W. Xu, and J. Zhang. 2019. "Highly efficient Ru/B4C multifunctional oxygen electrode for rechargeable Li-O2 batteries." Journal of Power Sources 413. PNNL-SA-130230. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.12.016
Wu H., Y. Xu, X. Ren, B. Liu, M.H. Engelhard, M.S. Ding, and P.Z. El-Khoury, et al. 2019. "Polymer-in-"quasi-ionic liquid" electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 9, no. 41:1902108. PNNL-SA-144443. doi:10.1002/aenm.201902108

2018

Adams B., J. Zheng, X. Ren, W. Xu, and J. Zhang. 2018. "Accurate Determination of Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium Metal Anodes and Lithium Metal Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 7:Article No. 1702097. PNNL-SA-127159. doi:10.1002/aenm.201702097
Chen S., J. Zheng, D. Mei, K. Han, M.H. Engelhard, W. Zhao, and W. Xu, et al. 2018. "High-voltage lithium-metal batteries enabled by localized high-concentration electrolytes." Advanced Materials 30, no. 21:Article No. 1706102. PNNL-SA-126291. doi:10.1002/adma.201706102
Chen S., J. Zheng, L. Yu, X. Ren, M.H. Engelhard, C. Niu, and H. Lee, et al. 2018. "High-Efficiency Lithium Metal Batteries with Fire-Retardant Electrolytes." Joule 2, no. 8:1548-1558. PNNL-SA-131864. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.002
Jiao S., J. Zheng, Q. Li, X. Li, M.H. Engelhard, R. Cao, and J. Zhang, et al. 2018. "Behavior of Lithium Metal Anodes under Various Capacity Utilization and High Current Density in Lithium Metal Batteries." Joule 2, no. 1:110-124. PNNL-SA-125205. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.10.007
Jiao S., X. Ren, R. Cao, M.H. Engelhard, Y. Liu, D. Hu, and D. Mei, et al. 2018. "Stable Cycling of High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries in Ether Electrolytes." Nature Energy 3, no. 9:739-746. PNNL-SA-131449. doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0199-8
Lee H., H. Lim, X. Ren, L. Yu, M.H. Engelhard, K. Han, and J. Lee, et al. 2018. "Detrimental Effects of Chemical Crossover from the Lithium Anode to Cathode in Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 3, no. 12:2921-2930. PNNL-SA-137789. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01819
Lee H., S. Chen, X. Ren, A.I. Martinez, V. Shutthanandan, V. Murugesan, and K. Han, et al. 2018. "Electrode Edge Effects and the Failure Mechanism of Lithium-Metal Batteries." ChemSusChem 11, no. 21:3821-3828. PNNL-SA-134550. doi:10.1002/cssc.201801445
Li X., J. Tao, D. Hu, M.H. Engelhard, W. Zhao, J. Zhang, and W. Xu. 2018. "Stability of Polymeric Separators in Lithium Metal Batteries in a Low Voltage Environment." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 12:5006-5015. PNNL-SA-131076. doi:10.1039/C7TA11259A
Li X., J. Zheng, M.H. Engelhard, D. Mei, Q. Li, S. Jiao, and N. Liu, et al. 2018. "Effects of Imide-Orthoborate Dual-Salt Mixtures in Organic Carbonate Electrolytes on the Stability of Lithium Metal Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 3:2469-2479. PNNL-SA-128903. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b15117
Li X., J. Zheng, X. Ren, M.H. Engelhard, W. Zhao, Q. Li, and J. Zhang, et al. 2018. "Dendrite-Free and Performance-Enhanced Lithium Metal Batteries through Optimizing Solvent Compositions and Adding Combinational Additives." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 15:Article Number 1703022. PNNL-SA-129776. doi:10.1002/aenm.201703022
Liu B., J. Zhang, and W. Xu. 2018. "Advancing Lithium Metal Batteries." Joule 2, no. 5:833-845. PNNL-SA-131847. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.008
Liu B., W. Xu, J. Tao, P. Yan, J. Zheng, M.H. Engelhard, and D. Lu, et al. 2018. "Enhanced Cyclability of Lithium-Oxygen Batteries with Electrodes Protected by Surface Films Induced via In-Situ Electrochemical Process." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 11:1702340. PNNL-SA-128613. doi:10.1002/aenm.201702340
Ren X., S. Chen, H. Lee, D. Mei, M.H. Engelhard, S.D. Burton, and W. Zhao, et al. 2018. "Localized High-Concentration Sulfone Electrolytes for High-Efficiency Lithium-Metal Batteries." Chem 4, no. 8:1877-1892. PNNL-SA-132007. doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2018.05.002
Ren X., Y. Zhang, M.H. Engelhard, Q. Li, J. Zhang, and W. Xu. 2018. "Guided Lithium Metal Deposition and Improved Lithium Coulombic Efficiency through Synergistic Effects of LiAsF6 and Cyclic Carbonate Additives." ACS Energy Letters 3, no. 1:14-19. PNNL-SA-128909. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00982
Shi P., L. Zhang, H. Xiang, X. Liang, Y. Sun, and W. Xu. 2018. "Lithium Difluorophosphate as a Dendrite-Suppressing Additive for Lithium Metal Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 26:22201-22209. PNNL-SA-133591. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b05185
Wang M., Z. Wang, R. Jia, Y. Yang, F. Zhu, Z. Yang, and Y. Huang, et al. 2018. "Facile electrostatic self-assembly of silicon/reduced graphene oxide porous composite by silica assist as high performance anode for Li-ion battery." Applied Surface Science 456. PNNL-SA-135998. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.06.147
Wang M., Z. Wang, Z. Chen, Z. Yang, Z. Tang, H. Luo, and Y. Huang, et al. 2018. "One dimensional and coaxial polyaniline@tin dioxide@multi-wall carbon nanotube as advanced conductive additive free anode for lithium ion battery." Chemical Engineering Journal 334. PNNL-SA-128747. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.106
Yang Z., P. Ong, Y. He, L. Wang, M.E. Bowden, W. Xu, and T.C. Droubay, et al. 2018. "Direct Visualization of Li Dendrite Effect on LiCoO2 Cathode by In Situ TEM." Small 14, no. 52:1803108. PNNL-SA-135382. doi:10.1002/smll.201803108
Yu L., N.L. Canfield, S. Chen, H. Lee, X. Ren, M.H. Engelhard, and Q. Li, et al. 2018. "Enhanced Stability of Lithium Metal Anode by using a 3D Porous Nickel Substrate." ChemElectroChem 5, no. 5:761-769. PNNL-SA-130543. doi:10.1002/celc.201701250
Yu L., S. Chen, H. Lee, L. Zhang, M.H. Engelhard, Q. Li, and S. Jiao, et al. 2018. "A Localized High-Concentration Electrolyte with Optimized Solvents and Lithium Difluoro(oxalate)borate Additive for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 3, no. 9:2059-2067. PNNL-SA-134778. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00935
Zhang Y., M. Su, X. Yu, Y. Zhou, J. Wang, R. Cao, and W. Xu, et al. 2018. "Investigation of Ion-Solvent Interactions in Nonaqueous Electrolytes Using in Situ Liquid SIMS." Analytical Chemistry 90, no. 5:3341-3348. PNNL-SA-131962. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04921
Zhao W., J. Zheng, L. Zou, H. Jia, B. Liu, M.H. Engelhard, and C. Wang, et al. 2018. "High Voltage Operation of Ni-Rich NMC Cathodes Enabled by Stable Electrode/Electrolyte Interphases." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 19:1800297. PNNL-SA-131810. doi:10.1002/aenm.201800297
Zhao W., L. Zou, J. Zheng, H. Jia, J. Song, M.H. Engelhard, and W. Xu, et al. 2018. "Simultaneous Stabilization of LiNi0.76 Mn0.14Co0.10O2 Cathode and Lithium Metal Anode by Lithium Bis(oxalato)borate as Additive." ChemSusChem 11, no. 13:2211-2220. PNNL-SA-133094. doi:10.1002/cssc.201800706
Zheng H., Y. Xie, H. Xiang, P. Shi, X. Liang, and W. Xu. 2018. "A bifunctional electrolyte additive for separator wetting and dendrite suppression in lithium metal batteries." Electrochimica Acta 270. PNNL-SA-120744. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.089

2017

Ding M.S., Q. Li, X. Li, W. Xu, and K. Xu. 2017. "Effects of Solvent Composition on Liquid Range, Glass Transition, and Conductivity of Electrolytes of a (Li, Cs)PF6 Salt in EC-PC-EMC Solvents." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121, no. 21:11178-11183. PNNL-SA-125348. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03306
Lee H., X. Ren, C. Niu, L. Yu, M.H. Engelhard, I. Cho, and M. Ryou, et al. 2017. "Suppressing Lithium Dendrite Growth by Metallic Coating on Separator." Advanced Functional Materials 27, no. 45:Article No. 1704391. PNNL-SA-127900. doi:10.1002/adfm.201704391
Li Q., D. Lu, J. Zheng, S. Jiao, L. Luo, C. Wang, and K. Xu, et al. 2017. "Li+-Desolvation Dictating Lithium-Ion Battery's Low-Temperature Performances." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 49:42761-42768. PNNL-SA-129021. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b13887
Li Q., S. Jiao, L. Luo, M.S. Ding, J. Zheng, S.S. Cartmell, and C. Wang, et al. 2017. "Wide temperature electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 22:18826-18835. PNNL-SA-124731. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b04099
Liu B., W. Xu, J. Zheng, P. Yan, E.D. Walter, N.G. Isern, and M.E. Bowden, et al. 2017. "Temperature dependence of the oxygen reduction mechanism in nonaqueous Li-O2 batteries." ACS Energy Letters 2. PNNL-SA-126517. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00845
Liu B., W. Xu, P. Yan, S. Kim, M.H. Engelhard, X. Sun, and D. Mei, et al. 2017. "Stabilization of Li Metal Anode in DMSO-Based Electrolytes via Optimization of Salt-Solvent Coordination for Li-O2 Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 7, no. 14:Article No. 1602605. PNNL-SA-121082. doi:10.1002/aenm.201602605
Luo L., B. Liu, S. Song, W. Xu, J. Zhang, and C. Wang. 2017. "Revealing The Reaction Mechanisms of Li-O2 Batteries Using Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy." Nature Nanotechnology 12, no. 6:535-540. PNNL-SA-123331. doi:10.1038/nnano.2017.27
Song S., W. Xu, J. Zheng, L. Luo, M.H. Engelhard, M.E. Bowden, and B. Liu, et al. 2017. "Complete decomposition of Li2CO3 in Li-O2 batteries using Ir/B4C as noncarbon-based oxygen electrode." Nano Letters 17, no. 3:1417-1424. PNNL-SA-121343. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04371
Song S., W. Xu, R. Cao, L. Luo, M.H. Engelhard, M.E. Bowden, and B. Liu, et al. 2017. "B4C as a stable non-carbon-based oxygen electrode material for lithium-oxygen batteries." Nano Energy 33. PNNL-SA-119212. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.01.042
Wang X., M. Zhang, J. Alvarado, S. Wang, M. Sina, B. Lu, and J. Bouwer, et al. 2017. "New Insights on the Structure of Electrochemically Deposited Lithium Metal and Its Solid Electrolyte Interphases via Cryogenic TEM." Nano Letters 17, no. 12:7606-7612. PNNL-SA-128910. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03606
Zhang J., W. Xu, and W.A. Henderson. 2017. Li Metal Anodes and Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries. Springer Series in Materials Science. Cham:Springer International Publishing. PNNL-SA-115371. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44054-5
Zheng J., M.H. Engelhard, D. Mei, S. Jiao, B. Polzin, J. Zhang, and W. Xu. 2017. "Electrolyte additive enabled fast charging and stable cycling lithium metal batteries." Nature Energy 2. PNNL-SA-119349. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.12

2016

Cao R., J. Chen, K. Han, W. Xu, D. Mei, P. Bhattacharya, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2016. "Effect of the Anion Activity on the Stability of Li Metal Anodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 26, no. 18:3059-3066. PNNL-SA-114711. doi:10.1002/adfm.201505074
Feng X., H. Zou, H. Xiang, X. Guo, T. Zhou, Y. Wu, and W. Xu, et al. 2016. "Ultrathin Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets as anode materials for lithium and sodium storage." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 26:16718-16726. PNNL-SA-114583. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b04752
Hu J.Z., Z. Zhao, M.Y. Hu, J. Feng, X. Deng, X. Chen, and W. Xu, et al. 2016. "In situ 7Li and 133Cs Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigations on the Role of Cs+ Additive in Lithium-Metal Deposition Process." Journal of Power Sources 304. PNNL-SA-110396. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.067
Liu B., P. Yan, W. Xu, J. Zheng, Y. He, L. Luo, and M.E. Bowden, et al. 2016. "Electrochemically formed ultrafine metal oxide nanocatalysts for high performance lithium-oxygen batteries." Nano Letters 16, no. 8:4932-4939. PNNL-SA-117155. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01556
Liu B., W. Xu, P. Yan, X. Sun, M.E. Bowden, J. Read, and J. Qian, et al. 2016. "Enhanced Cycling Stability of Rechargeable Li-O2 Batteries Using High Concentration Electrolytes." Advanced Functional Materials 26, no. 4:605-613. PNNL-SA-112653. doi:10.1002/adfm.201503697
Mehdi B.L., A.J. Stevens, J. Qian, C. Park, W. Xu, W.A. Henderson, and J. Zhang, et al. 2016. "The Impact of Li Grain Size on Coulombic Efficiency in Li Batteries." Scientific Reports 6. PNNL-SA-120401. doi:10.1038/srep34267
Qian J., B.D. Adams, J. Zheng, W. Xu, W.A. Henderson, J. Wang, and M.E. Bowden, et al. 2016. "Anode-Free Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 26, no. 39:7094-7102. PNNL-SA-117788. doi:10.1002/adfm.201602353
Wei X., W. Duan, J. Huang, L. Zhang, B. Li, D.M. Reed, and W. Xu, et al. 2016. "A High-Current, Stable Nonaqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery." ACS Energy Letters 1, no. 4:705-711. PNNL-SA-112127. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00255
Xiang H., P. Shi, P. Bhattacharya, X. Chen, D. Mei, M.E. Bowden, and J. Zheng, et al. 2016. "Enhanced charging capability of lithium metal batteries based on lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-lithium bis(oxalato)borate dual-salt electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 318. PNNL-SA-115806. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.017
Zheng J., P. Yan, D. Mei, M.H. Engelhard, S.S. Cartmell, B. Polzin, and C.M. Wang, et al. 2016. "Highly Stable Operation of Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by the Formation of a Transient High Concentration Electrolyte Layer." Advanced Energy Materials 6, no. 8:Article No. 1502151. PNNL-SA-114226. doi:10.1002/aenm.201502151
Zheng J., P. Yan, R. Cao, H. Xiang, M.H. Engelhard, B. Polzin, and C.M. Wang, et al. 2016. "Effects of Propylene Carbonate Content in CsPF6-Containing Electrolytes on the Enhanced Performances of Graphite Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 8:5715-5722. PNNL-SA-114667. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b12517

2015

Bao J., W. Xu, P. Bhattacharya, M.L. Stewart, J. Zhang, and W. Pan. 2015. "Discharge Performance of Li-O2 Batteries Using a Multiscale Modeling Approach." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 27:14851-14860. PNNL-SA-107643. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01441
Cao R., J. Qian, J. Zhang, and W. Xu. 2015. "Organic Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries." In Rechargeable Batteries: Green Energy and Technology, edited by ZC Xhang and SS Zhang. 637-671. New York, New York:Springer-Verlag. PNNL-SA-105646.
Cao R., W. Xu, D. Lu, J. Xiao, and J. Zhang. 2015. "Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 5, no. 16:Article No. 1402273. PNNL-SA-107153. doi:10.1002/aenm.201402273
Cosimbescu L., X. Wei, M. Vijayakumar, W. Xu, M.L. Helm, S.D. Burton, and C.M. Sorensen, et al. 2015. "Anion-Tunable Properties and Electrochemical Performance of Functionalized Ferrocene Compounds." Scientific Reports 5. PNNL-SA-104406. doi:10.1038/srep14117
Liu B., W. Xu, P. Yan, P. Bhattacharya, R. Cao, M.E. Bowden, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2015. "In Situ-Grown ZnCo2O4 on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Air Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Oxygen Batteries." ChemSusChem 8, no. 21:3697-3703. PNNL-SA-110306. doi:10.1002/cssc.201500636
Mehdi B.L., J. Qian, E. Nasybulin, C. Park, D.A. Welch, R. Faller, and H.S. Mehta, et al. 2015. "Observation and Quantification of Nanoscale Processes in Lithium Batteries by Operando Electrochemical (S)TEM." Nano Letters 15, no. 3:2168-2176. PNNL-SA-107504. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00175
Mehdi B.L., J. Qian, E. Nasybulin, D.A. Welch, C. Park, R. Faller, and H.S. Mehta, et al. 2015. "Quantification of Electrochemical Nanoscale Processes in Lithium Batteries By OperandoEC-(S)TEM." In ECS Conference on Electrochemical Energy Conversion & Storage with SOFC-XIV, July 26-31, 2015, Glasgow, Scotland, MA2015-03, Abstract No. 432. Pennington, New Jersey:The Electrochemical Society. PNNL-SA-111760.
Qian J., W. Xu, P. Bhattacharya, M.H. Engelhard, W.A. Henderson, Y. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2015. "Dendrite-Free Li Deposition Using Trace-Amounts of Water as an Electrolyte Additive." Nano Energy 15. PNNL-SA-107428. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.04.009
Qian J., W.A. Henderson, W. Xu, P. Bhattacharya, M.H. Engelhard, O. Borodin, and J. Zhang. 2015. "High Rate and Stable Cycling of Lithium Metal Anode." Nature Communications 6. PNNL-SA-107989. doi:10.1038/ncomms7362
Wei X., L. Cosimbescu, W. Xu, J.Z. Hu, M. Vijayakumar, J. Feng, and M.Y. Hu, et al. 2015. "Towards High-Performance Nonaqueous Redox Flow Electrolyte through Ionic Modification of Active Species." Advanced Energy Materials 5, no. 1:Article No. 1400678. PNNL-SA-97506. doi:10.1002/aenm.201400678
Wei X., W. Xu, J. Huang, L. Zhang, E.D. Walter, C.W. Lawrence, and M. Vijayakumar, et al. 2015. "Radical Compatibility with Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Its Impact on an All-Organic Redox Flow Battery." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 127, no. 30:8808-8811. PNNL-SA-107928. doi:10.1002/ange.201501443
Xiang H., D. Mei, P. Yan, P. Bhattacharya, S.D. Burton, A.V. Cresce, and R. Cao, et al. 2015. "The Role of Cesium Cation in Controlling Interphasial Chemistry on Graphite Anode in Propylene Carbonate-Rich Electrolytes." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 37:20687-20695. PNNL-SA-110487. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b05552
Xiao L., X. Chen, R. Cao, J. Qian, H. Xiang, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, et al. 2015. "Enhanced Performance of Li|LiFePO4 Cells Using CsPF6 as an Electrolyte Additive." Journal of Power Sources 293. PNNL-SA-108652. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.044
Zhu Z., Y. Zhou, P. Yan, V.S. Vemuri, W. Xu, R. Zhao, and X. Wang, et al. 2015. "In-situ Mass Spectrometric Determination of Molecular Structural Evolution at the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Nano Letters 15, no. 9:6170-6176. PNNL-SA-110748. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02479

2014

Abellan Baeza P., B.L. Mehdi, L.R. Parent, M. Gu, C. Park, W. Xu, and Y. Zhang, et al. 2014. "Probing the Degradation Mechanisms in Electrolyte Solutions for Li-ion Batteries by In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy." Nano Letters 14, no. 3:1293-1299. PNNL-SA-99732. doi:10.1021/nl404271k
Bhattacharya P., E.N. Nasybulin, M.H. Engelhard, L. Kovarik, M.E. Bowden, S. Li, and D.J. Gaspar, et al. 2014. "Dendrimer-Encapsulated Ruthenium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Lithium-O2 Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 47:7510-7519. PNNL-SA-101221. doi:10.1002/adfm.201402701
Cao R., E.D. Walter, W. Xu, E.N. Nasybulin, P. Bhattacharya, M.E. Bowden, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2014. "The Mechanisms of Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions in Nonaqueous Lithium-Oxygen Batteries." ChemSusChem 7, no. 9:2436-2440. PNNL-SA-101742. doi:10.1002/cssc.201402315
Chen X., W. Xu, M.H. Engelhard, J. Zheng, Y. Zhang, F. Ding, and J. Qian, et al. 2014. "Mixed Salts of LiTFSI and LiBOB for Stable LiFePO4-Based Batteries at Elevated Temperatures." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2, no. 7:2346-2352. PNNL-SA-97421. doi:10.1039/C3TA13043F
Chen X., X. Li, D. Mei, J. Feng, M.Y. Hu, J.Z. Hu, and M.H. Engelhard, et al. 2014. "Reduction Mechanism of Fluoroethylene Carbonate for Stable Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Film on Silicon Anode." ChemSusChem 7, no. 2:549-554. PNNL-SA-97198. doi:10.1002/cssc.201300770
Ding F., W. Xu, X. Chen, J. Zhang, Y. Shao, M.H. Engelhard, and Y. Zhang, et al. 2014. "Effects of Cesium Cations in Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118, no. 8:4043-4049. PNNL-SA-98906. doi:10.1021/jp4127754
Fernandez C.A., P.F. Martin, H.T. Schaef, M.E. Bowden, P.K. Thallapally, L.X. Dang, and W. Xu, et al. 2014. "An Electrically Switchable Metal-Organic Framework." Scientific Reports 12, no. 3:Article No. 6114. PNNL-SA-105621. doi:10.1038/srep06114
Jiang J., W. Shi, J. Zheng, P. Zuo, J. Xiao, X. Chen, and W. Xu, et al. 2014. "Optimized Operating Range for Large-Format LiFePO4/Graphite Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 161, no. 3:A336-A341. PNNL-SA-96362. doi:10.1149/2.052403jes
Mehdi B.L., M. Gu, L.R. Parent, W. Xu, E.N. Nasybulin, X. Chen, and R.R. Unocic, et al. 2014. "In Situ Electrochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy for Battery Research." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 2:484-492. PNNL-SA-101383. doi:10.1017/S1431927614000488
Nasybulin E.N., W. Xu, B.L. Mehdi, E.C. Thomsen, M.H. Engelhard, R.C. Masse, and P. Bhattacharya, et al. 2014. "Formation of Interfacial Layer and Long-Term Cylability of Li-O-2 Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, no. 16:14141-14151. PNNL-SA-99830. doi:10.1021/am503390q
Pan A., Y. Wang, W. Xu, Z. Nie, S. Liang, Z. Nie, and C.M. Wang, et al. 2014. "High-performance anode based on porous Co3O4 nanodiscs." Journal of Power Sources 225. PNNL-SA-101781.
Xu W., F. Ding, X. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Qian, E.N. Nasybulin, and R. Cao, et al. 2014. "Dendrite-Suppression Electrolytes for Lithium-Metal and Lithium-Ion Batteries." In Proceeding of the 46th Power Sources Conference, June 9-12, 2014, Orlando, Florida, 374-377. New York, New York:Power Sources Conference. PNNL-SA-101982.
Xu W., J. Wang, F. Ding, X. Chen, E.N. Nasybulin, Y. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2014. "Lithium Metal Anodes for Rechargeable Batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 7, no. 2:513-537. PNNL-SA-94165. doi:10.1039/c3ee40795k
Zhang J., J. Xiao, and W. Xu. 2014. "Primary Lithium-Air Batteries." In The Lithium Air Battery: Fundamentals, edited by N Imanishi, AC Luntz and P Bruce. 255-289. New York, New York:Springer. PNNL-SA-112423.
Zhang Y., J. Qian, W. Xu, S.M. Russell, X. Chen, E. Nasybulin, and P. Bhattacharya, et al. 2014. "Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition with Self-Aligned Nanorod Structure." Nano Letters 14, no. 12:6889-6896. PNNL-SA-101189. doi:10.1021/nl5039117
Zheng J., J. Tian, D. Wu, M. Gu, W. Xu, C.M. Wang, and F. Gao, et al. 2014. "Lewis Acid-Base Interactions between Polysulfides and Metal Organic Framework in Lithium Sulfur Batteries." Nano Letters 14, no. 5:2345-2352. PNNL-SA-97082. doi:10.1021/nl404721h

2013

Ding F., W. Xu, G.L. Graff, J. Zhang, M.L. Sushko, X. Chen, and Y. Shao, et al. 2013. "Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 11:4450-4456. PNNL-SA-88286. doi:10.1021/ja312241y
Ding F., W. Xu, X. Chen, J. Zhang, M.H. Engelhard, Y. Zhang, and B.R. Johnson, et al. 2013. "Effects of Carbonate Solvents and Lithium Salts on Morphology and Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium Electrode." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 160, no. 10:A1894-A1901. PNNL-SA-96244. doi:10.1149/2.100310jes
Gu M., L.R. Parent, B.L. Mehdi, R.R. Unocic, M.T. Mcdowell, R.L. Sacci, and W. Xu, et al. 2013. "Demonstration of an Electrochemical Liquid Cell for Operando Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of the Lithiation/Delithiation Behavior of Si Nanowire Battery Anodes." Nano Letters 13, no. 12:6106-6112. PNNL-SA-99250. doi:10.1021/nl403402q
Lu X., B.W. Kirby, W. Xu, G. Li, J.Y. Kim, J.P. Lemmon, and V.L. Sprenkle, et al. 2013. "Advanced Intermediate-Temperature Na-S Battery." Energy & Environmental Science 6, no. 1:299 - 306. PNNL-SA-91777. doi:10.1039/C2EE23606K
Nasybulin E.N., W. Xu, M.H. Engelhard, X.S. Li, M. Gu, D. Hu, and J. Zhang. 2013. "Electrocatalytic properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in Li-O2 battery." Electrochemistry Communications 29. PNNL-SA-92140. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2013.01.011
Nasybulin E.N., W. Xu, M.H. Engelhard, Z. Nie, S.D. Burton, L. Cosimbescu, and M.E. Gross, et al. 2013. "Effects of electrolyte salts on the performance of Li-O2 batteries." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117, no. 6:2635-2645. PNNL-SA-91330. doi:10.1021/jp311114u
Nasybulin E.N., W. Xu, M.H. Engelhard, Z. Nie, X.S. Li, and J. Zhang. 2013. "Stability of polymer binders in Li-O2 batteries." Journal of Power Sources 243. PNNL-SA-93354. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.097
Shao Y., F. Ding, J. Xiao, J. Zhang, W. Xu, S. Park, and J. Zhang, et al. 2013. "Making Li-air batteries rechargeable: material challenges." Advanced Functional Materials 23, no. 8:987-1004. PNNL-SA-85805. doi:10.1002/adfm.201200688
Xu W., X. Chen, W. Wang, D. Choi, F. Ding, J. Zheng, and Z. Nie, et al. 2013. "Simply AlF3-treated Li4Ti5O12 composite anode materials for stable and ultrahigh power lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 236. PNNL-SA-91887. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.055

2012

Chen X., W. Xu, J. Xiao, M.H. Engelhard, F. Ding, D. Mei, and D. Hu, et al. 2012. "Effects of cell positive cans and separators on the performance of high-voltage Li-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 213. PNNL-SA-84951. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.009
Chen X., X. Li, F. Ding, W. Xu, J. Xiao, Y. Cao, and P. Meduri, et al. 2012. "Conductive Rigid Skeleton Supported Silicon as High-Performance Li-Ion Battery Anodes." Nano Letters 12, no. 8:4124-4130. PNNL-SA-87678. doi:10.1021/nl301657y
Ding F., W. Xu, D. Choi, W. Wang, X. Li, M.H. Engelhard, and X. Chen, et al. 2012. "Enhanced performance of graphite anode materials by AlF3 coating for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 25:12745-12751. PNNL-SA-85418. doi:10.1039/c2jm31015e
Ding F., W. Xu, Y. Shao, X. Chen, Z. Wang, F. Gao, and X. Liu, et al. 2012. "H+ diffusion and electrochemical stability of Li1+x+yAlxTi2-xSiyP3-yO12 glass in aqueous Li/air battery electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 214. PNNL-SA-85600. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.058
Gu M., Y. Li, X. Li, S.Y. Hu, X. Zhang, W. Xu, and S. Thevuthasan, et al. 2012. "In-Situ TEM Study Of Lithiation Behavior Of Silicon Nanoparticles Attached To And Embedded In A Carbon Matrix." ACS Nano 6, no. 9:8439-8447. PNNL-SA-89376. doi:10.1021/nn303312m
Li X., P. Meduri, X. Chen, W.N. Qi, M.H. Engelhard, W. Xu, and F. Ding, et al. 2012. "Hollow Core-Shell Structured Porous Si-C Nanocomposites for Li-Ion Battery Anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 22:11014-11017. PNNL-SA-85843. doi:10.1039/C2JM31286G
Wang C.M., X. Li, Z. Wang, W. Xu, J. Liu, F. Gao, and L. Kovarik, et al. 2012. "In Situ TEM Investigation of Congruent Phase Transition and Structural Evolution of Nanostructured Silicon/Carbon Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries." Nano Letters 12, no. 3:1624-1632. PNNL-SA-84904. doi:10.1021/nl204559u
Wang W., W. Xu, L. Cosimbescu, D. Choi, L. Li, and Z. Yang. 2012. "Anthraquinone with Tailored Structure for Nonaqueous Metal-Organic Redox Flow Battery." Chemical Communications 48, no. 53:6669-6671. PNNL-SA-87199. doi:10.1039/C2CC32466K
Xu W., A.L. Read, P.K. Koech, D. Hu, C.M. Wang, J. Xiao, and A.B. Padmaperuma, et al. 2012. "Factors Affecting the Battery Performance of Anthraquinone-based Organic Cathode Materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 9:4032-4039. PNNL-SA-83987. doi:10.1039/c2jm15764k
Xu W., J.Z. Hu, M.H. Engelhard, S.A. Towne, J.S. Hardy, J. Xiao, and J. Feng, et al. 2012. "The Stability of Organic Solvents and Carbon Electrode in Nonaqueous Li-O2 Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 215. PNNL-SA-85748. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.021
Xu W., X. Chen, F. Ding, J. Xiao, D. Wang, A. Pan, and J. Zheng, et al. 2012. "Reinvestigation on the state-of-the-art nonaqueous carbonate electrolytes for 5 V Li-ion battery applications." Journal of Power Sources 213. PNNL-SA-85841. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.031
Zhang J., W. Wang, J. Xiao, W. Xu, G.L. Graff, Z. Yang, and D. Choi, et al. 2012. "Silicon Based Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. New York, New York:Springer. PNNL-SA-75702.
Zheng J., J. Xiao, W. Xu, X. Chen, M. Gu, X.S. Li, and J. Zhang. 2012. "Surface and Structural Stabilities of Carbon Additives in High Voltage Lithium Ion Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 227. PNNL-SA-89391. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.038

2011

Choi D., J. Xiao, Y. Choi, J.S. Hardy, M. Vijayakumar, M.S. Bhuvaneswari, and J. Liu, et al. 2011. "Thermal Stability and Phase Transformation of Electrochemically Charged/Discharged LiMnPO4 Cathode for Li-Ion Battery." Energy & Environmental Science 4, no. 11:4560-4566. PNNL-SA-79713. doi:10.1039/C1EE01501J
Pan A., J. Zhang, G. Cao, S. Liang, C.M. Wang, Z. Nie, and B.W. Arey, et al. 2011. "Nanosheet-structured LiV3O8 with high capacity and excellent stability for high energy lithium batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, no. 27:10077-10084. PNNL-SA-78045. doi:10.1039/C1JM10976F
Wang C.M., W. Xu, J. Liu, J. Zhang, L.V. Saraf, B.W. Arey, and D. Choi, et al. 2011. "In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Microstructure and Phase Evolution in a SnO2 Nanowire during Lithium Intercalation." Nano Letters 11, no. 5:1874-1880. PNNL-SA-71521. doi:10.1021/nl200272n
Wang D., J. Xiao, W. Xu, Z. Nie, C.M. Wang, G.L. Graff, and J. Zhang. 2011. "Preparation and electrochemical investigation of Li2CoPO4F cathode material for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 4:2241-2245. PNNL-SA-72771. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.021
Xiao J., D. Mei, X. Li, W. Xu, D. Wang, G.L. Graff, and W.D. Bennett, et al. 2011. "Hierarchically Porous Graphene as a Lithium-Air Battery Electrode." Nano Letters 11, no. 11:5071-5078. PNNL-SA-77006. doi:10.1021/nl203332e
Xiao J., J.Z. Hu, D. Wang, D. Hu, W. Xu, G.L. Graff, and Z. Nie, et al. 2011. "Investigation of the Rechargeability of Li-O2 Batteries in Non-aqueous Electrolyte." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 13:5674-5678. PNNL-SA-75791.
Xiao J., N. Chernova, S. Upreti, X. Chen, Z. Li, Z. Deng, and D. Choi, et al. 2011. "Electrochemical Performances of LiMnPO4 Synthesized from Non-Stoichiometric Li/Mn Ratio." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP 13, no. 40:18099-18106. PNNL-SA-79384. doi:10.1039/C1CP22658D
Xu W., K. Xu, V.V. Viswanathan, S.A. Towne, J.S. Hardy, J. Xiao, and Z. Nie, et al. 2011. "Reaction Mechanisms for the Limited Reversibility of Li-O2 Chemistry in Organic Carbonate Electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 22:9631-9639. PNNL-SA-78429. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.06.099
Xu W., V.V. Viswanathan, D. Wang, S.A. Towne, J. Xiao, Z. Nie, and D. Hu, et al. 2011. "Investigation on the Charging Process of Li2O2-Based Air Electrodes in Li-O2 Batteries with Organic Carbonate Electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 8:3894-3899. PNNL-SA-75700.

2010

Huang J.Y., L. Zhong, C.M. Wang, J.P. Sullivan, W. Xu, L.Q. Zhang, and S. Mao, et al. 2010. "In Situ Observation of the Electrochemical Lithiation of a Single SnO2 Nanowire Electrode." Science 330, no. 6010:1515-1520. PNNL-SA-75254. doi:10.1126/science.1195628
Pan A., J. Liu, J. Zhang, G.H. Cao, W. Xu, Z. Nie, and J. Xiao, et al. 2010. "Template Free Synthesis of LiV3O8 Nanorods as a Cathode Material for High-Rate Secondary Lithium Batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, no. 4:1153-1161. PNNL-SA-73809. doi:10.1039/c0jm02810j
Pan A., J. Liu, J. Zhang, W. Xu, G.H. Cao, Z. Nie, and B.W. Arey, et al. 2010. "Nano-Structured Li3V2(PO4)3 /Carbon Composite for High Rate Lithium Ion Batteries." Electrochemistry Communications 12, no. 12:1674-1677. PNNL-SA-73952. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2010.09.014
Viswanathan V.V., D. Choi, D. Wang, W. Xu, S.A. Towne, R.E. Williford, and J. Zhang, et al. 2010. "Effect of entropy of lithium intercalation in cathodes and anodes on Li-ion battery thermal management." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 11:3720-3729. PNNL-SA-68775. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.103
Wang C.M., W. Xu, J. Liu, D. Choi, B.W. Arey, L.V. Saraf, and J. Zhang, et al. 2010. "In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies of Interfaces in Li-ion Batteries: Challenges and Opportunities." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 8:1541-1547. PNNL-SA-70434. doi:10.1557/JMR.2010.0198
Wang D., J. Xiao, W. Xu, and J. Zhang. 2010. "High Capacity Pouch-Type Li-air Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 7:A760-A764. PNNL-SA-70548.
Xiao J., D. Wang, W. Xu, D. Wang, R.E. Williford, J. Liu, and J. Zhang. 2010. "Optimization of Air Electrode for Li/Air Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 4:A487-A492. PNNL-SA-68745. doi:10.1149/1.3314375
Xiao J., W. Xu, D. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2010. "Hybrid Air-Electrode for Li/Air Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 3:A294-A297. PNNL-SA-68559. doi:10.1149/1.3280281
Xiao J., W. Xu, D. Wang, D. Choi, W. Wang, X. Li, and G.L. Graff, et al. 2010. "Stabilization of Silicon Anode for Li-Ion Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 10:A1047-A1051. PNNL-SA-72047. doi:10.1149/1.3464767
Xu W., J. Xiao, D. Wang, J. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2010. "Crown Ethers in Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Lithium/Air Batteries." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 13, no. 4:A48-A51. PNNL-SA-69721.
Xu W., J. Xiao, D. Wang, J. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2010. "Effects of Nonaqueous Electrolytes on Primary Li-Air Batteries." In Proceedings of the 44th Power Sources Conference, 43-46. Fort Monmouth, New Jersey:US Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory. PNNL-SA-71608.
Xu W., N.L. Canfield, D. Wang, J. Xiao, Z. Nie, and J. Zhang. 2010. "A three-dimensional Macroporous Cu/SnO2 composite anode sheet prepared via a novel method." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 21:7403-7408. PNNL-SA-70252. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.05.054
Xu W., N.L. Canfield, D. Wang, J. Xiao, Z. Nie, X.S. Li, and W.D. Bennett, et al. 2010. "Approach to make macroporous metal sheets as current collectors for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 7:A765-A769. PNNL-SA-69910.
Zhang J., D. Wang, W. Xu, J. Xiao, and R.E. Williford. 2010. "Ambient Operation of Li/Air Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 13:4332-4337. PNNL-SA-69984. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.022
Zhang J., W. Xu, and W. Liu. 2010. "Oxygen-Selective Immobilized Liquid Membranes for Operation of Lithium-Air Batteries in Ambient Air." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 21:7438-7444. PNNL-SA-71611. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.05.028
Zhang J., W. Xu, X.S. Li, and W. Liu. 2010. "Air Dehydration Membranes for Nonaqueous Lithium-Air Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 8:A940-A946. PNNL-SA-71658.

2009

Xiao J., W. Xu, D. Choi, and J. Zhang. 2009. "Synthesis and Characterization of Lithium Manganese Phosphate by a precipitation method." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 2:A142-A147. PNNL-SA-67554. doi:10.1149/1.3265440
Xu W., D. Wang, J. Xiao, Z. Nie, and J. Zhang. 2009. "Non-aqueous Electrolytes for High Voltage Lithium Ion Batteries." In Proceedings of the 9th International Advanced Automotive Battery and EC Capacitor Conference and Symposia: Large Lithium Ion Battery Technology and Application (LLIBTA); Large EC Capacitor Technology and Application (ECCAP), June 8-12, 2009, Long Beach, CA. Oregon House, California:Advanced Automotive Batteries. PNNL-SA-66009.
Xu W., J. Xiao, D. Wang, J. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2009. "Effects of Nonaqueous Electrolytes on the Performance of Primary Lithium/Air Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 2:A219-A224. PNNL-SA-68519. doi:10.1149/1.3269928
Xu W., J. Xiao, J. Zhang, D. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2009. "Optimization of non-aqueous electrolytes for Primary lithium/air batteries operated in Ambient Enviroment." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156, no. 10:A773-A779. PNNL-SA-66402. doi:10.1149/1.3168564