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Energy and Environment Directorate

Tim Johnson

Tim Johnson

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 372-4715

PNNL Patents

PNNL Publications

2023

  • Jaysaval P., G.E. Hammond, and T.C. Johnson. 2023. "Massively Parallel Modeling and Inversion of Electrical Resistivity Tomography data using PFLOTRAN." Geoscientific Model Development 16, no. 3:961-976. PNNL-SA-170636. doi:10.5194/gmd-16-961-2023
  • Revil A., A. Finizola, T.C. Johnson, T. Ricci, M. Gresse, E. Delcher, and S. Barde-Cabusson, et al. 2023. "The thermal plumbing system of Stromboli volcano, Aeolian Islands (Italy) inferred from electrical conductivity and induced polarization tomography." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 128, no. 6:Art. No. e2023JB026475. PNNL-SA-181615. doi:10.1029/2023JB026475
  • St. Clair J.T., A.R. Mangel, and T.C. Johnson. 2023. "New Insights from Legacy Seismic Data Regarding Basalt Elevations and Variability on the Hanford Site." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 29, no. 2:93-104. PNNL-SA-166982.

2022

  • Chojnicki K.N., J.V. Koch, and T.C. Johnson. 2022. Deep Learning At Depth: Estimating subsurface parameters from geophysical monitoring data. PNNL-33394. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Deep Learning At Depth: Estimating subsurface parameters from geophysical monitoring data.
  • Day-Lewis F.D., and T.C. Johnson. 2022. Pore-Scale Simulation of Spectral Induced Polarization. PNNL-33729. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Pore-Scale Simulation of Spectral Induced Polarization
  • Glaser D., R. Henderson, D. Werkema, T.C. Johnson, and R. Versteeg. 2022. "Estimating biofuel contaminant concentration from 4D ERT with mixing models." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 148. PNNL-SA-174016. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104027
  • Johnson T.C., J.N. Thomle, C.E. Strickland, A.E. Goldman, and J.C. Stegen. 2022. "Riverbed temperature and 4D ERT monitoring reveals heterogeneous horizontal and vertical groundwater-surface water exchange flows under dynamic stage conditions." Frontiers in Earth Science 10. PNNL-SA-174005. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.910058
  • Johnson T.C., J.N. Thomle, K.A. Peta, and J. Cambeiro. 2022. Geophysical Characterization and Monitoring of the 200 Area Treated Effluent Disposal Facility to Support Permit Renewal; TEDF Geophysical Monitoring. PNNL-33428. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Geophysical Characterization and Monitoring of the 200 Area Treated Effluent Disposal Facility to Support Permit Renewal; TEDF Geophysical Monitoring
  • Kneafsey T.J., P. Dobson, C. Ulrich, C. Hopp, V. Rodriguez Tribaldos, Y. Guglielmi, and D.A. Blankenship, et al. 2022. "The EGS Collab Project - Stimulations at Two Depths." In 56th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, June 26-29, 2022, Santa Fe, NM, ARMA-2022-2261. Alexandria, Virginia:American Rock Mechanics Association. PNNL-SA-177261. doi:10.56952/ARMA-2022-2261
  • Pratt M.J., H.A. Knox, T.C. Johnson, and T.J. Kneafsey. 2022. "Flexible and Accessible 4D Subsurface Visualization Using a Web-Based Platform." In 56th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, June 26-29, 2022, Santa Fe, NM, ARMA-2022-2202. Alexandria, Virginia:American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA). PNNL-SA-171080. doi:10.56952/ARMA-2022-2202
  • Singha K., T.C. Johnson, F.D. Day-Lewis, and L. Slater. 2022. "Electrical Imaging for Hydrogeology." In Groundwater Geophysics. Guelph:The Groundwater Project. PNNL-SA-159896.
  • Strickland C.E., J.M. Knox, D.E. Nelson, D. Sirota, B.Q. Roberts, D.P. Sprinkle, and H.A. Knox, et al. 2022. Real-Time Seismic System for Monitoring, Imaging, and Characterization (RT-SEISMIC). PNNL-33581. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Real-Time Seismic System for Monitoring, Imaging, and Characterization (RT-SEISMIC)

2021

  • Burghardt J.A., D.P. Sprinkle, G. Jian, and T.C. Johnson. 2021. Creation of Laboratory-scale Testbed for Autonomous Monitoring and Control of Subsurface Systems. PNNL-30847. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Creation of Laboratory-scale Testbed for Autonomous Monitoring and Control of Subsurface Systems
  • Fu P., M. Schoenball, J. Ajo-Franklin, C. Chai, M. Maceira, J. Morris, and H. Wu, et al. 2021. "Close Observation of Hydraulic Fracturing at EGS Collab Experiment 1: Fracture Trajectory, Microseismic Interpretations, and the Role of Natural Fractures." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 126, no. 7:Article No. e2020JB020840. PNNL-SA-163986. doi:10.1029/2020JB020840
  • Jaysaval P., J.L. Robinson, and T.C. Johnson. 2021. "Stratigraphic Identification with Airborne Electromagnetic Methods at the Hanford Site, Washington." Journal of Applied Geophysics 192. PNNL-SA-156134. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2021.104398
  • Johnson T.C., J.A. Burghardt, C.E. Strickland, H.A. Knox, V.R. Vermeul, M.D. White, and P.C. Schwering, et al. 2021. "4D Proxy Imaging of Fracture Dilation and Stress Shadowing Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography During High Pressure Injections into a Dense Rock Formation." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 126, no. 11:Art. No. e2021JB022298. PNNL-SA-161624. doi:10.1029/2021JB022298

2020

  • Kneafsey T.J., D.A. Blankenship, P.F. Dobson, J. Morris, M.D. White, P. Fu, and P.C. Schwering, et al. 2020. "The EGS Collab Project: Learnings from Experiment 1." In Proceedings, 45th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, February 10-12, 2020, Stanford, CA, SGP-TR-216. Stanford, California:Stanford University. PNNL-SA-150814.
  • Robinson J.L., T.C. Johnson, and M.L. Rockhold. 2020. "Feasibility assessment of long-term electrical resistivity monitoring of a nitrate plume." Groundwater 58, no. 2:224-237. PNNL-SA-138315. doi:10.1111/gwat.12899
  • Rockhold M.L., J.L. Robinson, K. Parajuli, X. Song, Z. Zhang, and T.C. Johnson. 2020. "Groundwater characterization and monitoring at a complex industrial waste site using electrical resistivity imaging." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 6:2115-2127. PNNL-SA-147892. doi:10.1007/s10040-020-02167-1
  • Thomle J.N., C.E. Strickland, T.C. Johnson, Y. Zhu, and J.C. Stegen. 2020. "A flux detection probe to quantify dynamic groundwater-surface water exchange in the hyporheic zone." Groundwater 58, no. 6:892-900. PNNL-SA-144934. doi:10.1111/gwat.13001
  • Tso C., T.C. Johnson, X. Song, X. Chen, O. Kuras, P. Wilkinson, and S. Uhlemann, et al. 2020. "Integrated hydrogeophysical modelling and data assimilation for geoelectrical leak detection." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 234. PNNL-SA-152552. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103679

2019

  • Johnson T.C., C.E. Strickland, H. Knox, J. Thomle, V.R. Vermeul, C. Ulrich, and T.J. Kneafsey, et al. 2019. "EGS Collab Project Electrical Resistivity Tomography Characterization and Monitoring." In Proceedings of the 44th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, February 11-13, 2019, Stanford California, SGP-TR-214. Stanford, California:Stanford Geothermal Program. PNNL-SA-138913.
  • Johnson T.C., J.N. Thomle, J.L. Robinson, and D.I. Demirkanli. 2019. Electrical Resistivity Tomography of the 216-U-5 and 216-U-6 WA-1 Waste Sites. PNNL-29430. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Electrical Resistivity Tomography of the 216-U-5 and 216-U-6 WA-1 Waste Sites
  • Johnson T.C., M.J. Truex, J.N. Thomle, R.D. Mackley, S.D. Springer, S. Mehta, and D.J. Becker, et al. 2019. "Integration of Real-Time Geophysical Monitoring with In Situ Uranium Remedy Implementation." In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Waste Management Conference (WM2019): Encouraging Young Men & Women to Achieve Their Goals in Radwaste Management, March 3-7 2019, Phoenix, AZ, Paper No. 19094. Tempe, Arizona:WM Symposia. PNNL-SA-139290.
  • Kneafsey T.J., D.A. Blankenship, P.F. Dobson, J. Morris, M.D. White, H.A. Knox, and T.C. Johnson, et al. 2019. "EGS Collab Project: Accomplishments and Plan." In GRC Transactions, 43, 366-367. Davis, California:Geothermal Research Council. PNNL-SA-149240.
  • Strickland C.E., M.J. Truex, J. Robinson, and T.C. Johnson. 2019. "Advances in Geophysical Monitoring Methods To Support Groundwater Remedies." In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Waste Management Conference (WM2019): Encouraging Young Men & Women to Achieve Their Goals in Radwaste Management, March 3-7 2019, Phoenix, AZ, Paper No. 19096. Tempe, Arizona:WM Symposia. PNNL-SA-139382.
  • White M.D., T.C. Johnson, T.J. Kneafsey, D.A. Blankenship, P. Fu, H. Wu, and A. Ghassemi, et al. 2019. "The Necessity for Iteration in the Application of Numerical Simulation to EGS: Examples from the EGS Collab Test Bed 1." In Proceedings of the 44th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, February 11-13, 2019, Stanford California, SGP-TR-214. Stanford, California:Stanford Geothermal Program. PNNL-SA-140831.
  • Zhang Z., C.E. Strickland, and T.C. Johnson. 2019. "Numerical Investigation of the Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Detecting the Waste Zone beneath an Engineered Surface." In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Waste Management Conference (WM2019): Encouraging Young Men & Women to Achieve Their Goals in Radwaste Management, March 3-7 2019, Phoenix, AZ, Paper No. -19066. Tempe, Arizona:WM Symposia. PNNL-SA-139345.

2018

  • Dobson P.F., T.J. Kneafsey, J. Morris, A. Singh, M.D. Zoback, B. Roggenthen, and T.W. Doe, et al. 2018. "The EGS Collab Hydroshear Experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility - Siting Criteria and Evaluation of Candidate Sites." Geothermal Resources Council. Transactions. 42. PNNL-SA-137953.
  • Johnson T.C., and J.N. Thomle. 2018. "3-D Decoupled Inversion of Complex Conductivity Data in the Real Number Domain." Geophysical Journal International 212, no. 1:284-296. PNNL-SA-123575. doi:10.1093/gji/ggx416
  • Johnson T.C., J.N. Thomle, and M.L. Rockhold. 2018. "3D Time-Lapse Geophysical Imaging Evaluation of Contaminant Migration at the Hanford BY Cribs Site." In Proceedings of the 44th Annual Waste Management Conference (WM2018): Nuclear and Industrial Robotics, Remote Systems and Other Emerging Technology, March 18-22, 2018, Phoenix, Arizona, 8, 5438-5451; Paper No. 18504. Tempe, Arizona:Waste Management Symposia, Inc. PNNL-SA-131239.
  • Kneafsey T.J., D.A. Blankenship, P.F. Dobson, H. Knox, T.C. Johnson, J. Ajo-Franklin, and P.C. Schwering, et al. 2018. "EGS Collab Project Experiment 1 Overview and Progress." Geothermal Resources Council. Transactions. 42. PNNL-SA-137951.
  • Kneafsey T.J., P.F. Dobson, D.A. Blankenship, J. Morris, H. Knox, P.C. Schwering, and M.D. White, et al. 2018. "An Overview of the EGS Collab Project: Field Validation of Coupled Process Modeling of Fracturing and Fluid Flow at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, SD." In Proceedings of the 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, February 12-14, 2018, Stanford, California, SGP-TR-213. Stanford, California:Stanford Geothermal Program. PNNL-SA-137949.
  • Kneafsey T.J., P.F. Dobson, J. Ajo-Franklin, C.A. Valladao, D.A. Blankenship, H. Knox, and P.C. Schwering, et al. 2018. "The EGS Collab Project: Stimulation and Simulation." In Proceedings of the 52nd US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium, June 17-20, 2018, Seattle, WA, ARMA-2018-1345. Alexandria, Virginia:American Rock Mechanics Association. PNNL-SA-137954.

2017

  • Graham E.B., J.C. Stegen, A.R. Crump, C.T. Resch, S.J. Fansler, E.V. Arntzen, and D.W. Kennedy, et al. 2017. "Organic carbon thermodynamics elucidate spatiotemporal mechanisms governing hyporheic zone biogeochemical cycling." In Proceedings of the Subsurface Biogeochemical Research and Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Joint Meeting April 25-26, 2017, Potomac, Maryland. Washington, District Of Columbia:US Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. PNNL-SA-125130.
  • Gresse M., J. Vandemeulebrouck, S. Byrdina, C. Chiodini, A. Revil, T.C. Johnson, and T. Ricci, et al. 2017. "Three-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography of the Solfatara Crater (Italy): Implication for the Multiphase Flow Structure of the Shallow Hydrothermal System." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 122, no. 11:8749-8768. PNNL-SA-128585. doi:10.1002/2017JB014389
  • Johnson T.C., G. Hammond, and X. Chen. 2017. "PFLOTRAN-E4D: A parallel open source PFLOTRAN module for simulating time-lapse electrical resistivity data." Computers & Geosciences 99. PNNL-SA-113670. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2016.09.006
  • Knox H., P. Fu, J. Morris, Y. Guglielmi, V.R. Vermeul, J. Ajo-Franklin, and C.E. Strickland, et al. 2017. "Fracture and Flow Designs for the Collab/SIGMA-V Project." Geothermal Resources Council. Transactions. 41. PNNL-SA-128292.
  • Oostrom M., M.J. Truex, M.L. Rockhold, and T.C. Johnson. 2017. "Deep Vadose Zone Contaminant Flux Evaluation at the Hanford BY-Cribs Site using Forward and Imposed Concentration Modeling Approaches." Environmental Processes 4, no. 4:771-797. PNNL-SA-127119. doi:10.1007/s40710-017-0272-5

2015

  • Johnson T.C., and D.M. Wellman. 2015. "Accurate modeling and inversion of electrical resistivity data in the presence of metallic infrastructure with known location and dimension." Geophysical Journal International 202, no. 2:1096-1108. PNNL-SA-104673. doi:10.1093/gji/ggv206
  • Johnson T.C., D.F. Rucker, and D.R. Glaser. 2015. "Near-Surface Geophysics at the Hanford Nuclear Site, the United States." In Treatise on Geophysics, Second Edition, edited by G Schubert. 571-595. Amsterdam:Elsevier. PNNL-SA-100920.
  • Johnson T.C., R. Versteeg, F.D. Day-Lewis, W. Major, and J.W. Lane. 2015. "Time-Lapse Electrical Geophysical Monitoring of Amendment-Based Biostimulation." Groundwater 53, no. 6:920-932. PNNL-SA-115558. doi:10.1111/gwat.12291
  • Johnson T.C., R. Versteeg, J.N. Thomle, G.E. Hammond, X. Chen, and J.M. Zachara. 2015. "Four-dimensional electrical conductivity monitoring of stage-driven river water intrusion: Accounting for water table effects using a transient mesh boundary and conditional inversion constraints." Water Resources Research 51, no. 8:6177-6196. PNNL-SA-103949. doi:10.1002/2014WR016129
  • Robinson J., T.C. Johnson, and L.D. Slater. 2015. "Challenges and opportunities for fractured rock imaging using 3D cross-borehole electrical resistivity." Geophysics 80, no. 2:e49-e61. PNNL-SA-111273. doi:10.1190/GEO2014-0138.1
  • Singha K., F.D. Day-Lewis, T.C. Johnson, and L.D. Slater. 2015. "Advances in interpretation of subsurface processes with time-lapse electrical imaging." Hydrological Processes 29, no. 6:1549-1576. PNNL-SA-110809. doi:10.1002/hyp.10280
  • Strickland C.E., T.C. Johnson, and R.I. Odom. 2015. "Three-Dimensional Fréchet Sensitivity Kernels for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation." Geophysical Journal International 203, no. 1:482-505. PNNL-SA-106439. doi:10.1093/gji/ggv272
  • Truex M.J., V.R. Vermeul, D. Adamson, M. Oostrom, L. Zhong, R.D. Mackley, and B.G. Fritz, et al. 2015. "Field Test of Enhanced Remedial Amendment Delivery Using a Shear-Thinning Fluid." Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation 35, no. 3:34-45. PNNL-SA-101736. doi:10.1111/gwmr.12101

2014

  • Strickland C.E., V.R. Vermeul, A. Bonneville, E.C. Sullivan, T.C. Johnson, F.A. Spane, and T.J. Gilmore. 2014. "Geophysical Monitoring Methods Evaluation for the FutureGen 2.0 project." Energy Procedia 63. PNWD-SA-10400. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.474
  • Vermeul V.R., J.E. Amonette, C.E. Strickland, J.E. Szecsody, M.D. Williams, A. Bonneville, and T.A. Johnson, et al. 2014. FutureGen 2.0 Monitoring Systems Design Basis and Technology Selection: Geohydrologic, Geochemical and Geophysical Considerations. PNWD-4435. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. FutureGen 2.0 Monitoring Systems Design Basis and Technology Selection: Geohydrologic, Geochemical and Geophysical Considerations

2013

  • Johnson T.C., M. Oostrom, M.J. Truex, J.N. Thomle, and T.W. Wietsma. 2013. "Determination of water saturation using gas phase partitioning tracers and time-lapse electrical conductivity measurements." Vadose Zone Journal 12, no. 2. PNNL-SA-91015. doi:10.2136/vzj2012.0142
  • Robinson J., T.C. Johnson, and L. Slater. 2013. "Evaluation of known-boundary and resistivity constraints for improving cross-borehole DC electrical resistivity imaging of discrete fractures." Geophysics 78, no. 3:1MJ-Z75. PNNL-SA-90198. doi:10.1190/geo2012-0333.1
  • Truex M.J., T.C. Johnson, C.E. Strickland, J.E. Peterson, and S.S. Hubbard. 2013. "Monitoring Vadose Zone Desiccation with Geophysical Methods." Vadose Zone Journal 12, no. 2. PNNL-SA-90886. doi:10.2136/vzj2012.0147
  • Wallin E.L., T.C. Johnson, W.J. Greenwood, and J.M. Zachara. 2013. "Imaging high stage river-water intrusion into a contaminated aquifer along a major river corridor using 2D time-lapse surface electrical resistivity tomography." Water Resources Research 49, no. 3:1693-1708. PNNL-SA-88529. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20119

2012

  • Johnson T.C., L. Slater, D. Ntarlagiannis, F.D. Day-Lewis, and M. Elwaseif. 2012. "Monitoring groundwater-surface water interaction using time-series and time-frequency analysis of transient three-dimensional electrical resistivity changes." Water Resources Research 48. PNNL-SA-85275. doi:10.1029/2012WR011893
  • Johnson T.C., R.J. Versteeg, M.L. Rockhold, L.D. Slater, D. Ntarlagiannis, W.J. Greenwood, and J.M. Zachara. 2012. "Characterization of a contaminated wellfield using 3D electrical resistivity tomography implemented with geostatistical, discontinuous boundary, and known conductivity constraints." Geophysics 77, no. 6:EN85-EN96. PNNL-SA-86781. doi:10.1190/geo2012-0121.1
  • Johnson T.C., W.J. Greenwood, C.E. Strickland, M.J. Truex, V.L. Freedman, G.B. Chronister, and D.F. Rucker. 2012. "3D Characterization and Time-Lapse Imaging of the Desiccation Treatability Test at the Hanford BC-Cribs and Trenches Site using High Performance Electrical Resistivity Imaging." In Annual Waste Management Symposium (WM2012): Improving the Future in Waste Management, February 26 - March 1, 2012, Pheonix AZ, 2181-2189. Tucson, Arizona:Waste Management Symposia, Inc. PNNL-SA-84065.
  • Meyer J., E.W. Bethel, J.L. Horsman, S.S. Hubbard, H. Krishnan, A. Romosan, and E. Keating, et al. 2012. "Visual Data Analysis as an Integral Part of Environmental Management." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 18, no. 12:2088 - 2094. PNNL-SA-80187. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2012.278
  • Szecsody J.E., M.J. Truex, L. Zhong, T.C. Johnson, N. Qafoku, M.D. Williams, and W.J. Greenwood, et al. 2012. "Geochemical and Geophysical Changes during Ammonia Gas Treatment of Vadose Zone Sediments for Uranium Remediation." Vadose Zone Journal 11, no. 4. PNNL-SA-86840. doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0158
  • Wellman D.M., M.D. Freshley, T.C. Johnson, and A.L. Miracle. 2012. "Contaminants in Vadose Zone Environments." Vadose Zone Journal 11, no. 4:Article No. 0159. PNNL-SA-93024. doi:10.2136/vzj2012.0159
  • Zhang C., L. Slater, G.D. Redden, Y. Fujita, T.C. Johnson, and D. Fox. 2012. "Spectral Induced Polarization Signatures of Hydroxide Adsorption and Mineral Precipitation in Porous Media." Environmental Science & Technology 8, no. 46:4357-4364. PNNL-SA-89457. doi:10.1021/es204404e

2011

  • Dafflon B., W. Barrash, M. Cardiff, and T.C. Johnson. 2011. "Hydrological parameter estimations from a conservative tracer test with variable-density effects at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site." Water Resources Research 47, no. 12:Article No. W12513. PNNL-SA-79976. doi:10.1029/2011WR010789
  • Dafflon B., W. Barrash, M.A. Cardiff, and T.C. Johnson. 2011. "Hydrological parameter estimations from a conservative tracer test with variable-density effects at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site." Water Resources Research 47. PNNL-SA-89456. doi:10.1029/2011WR010789
  • Johnson T.C., M.J. Truex, D.M. Wellman, and J. Marble. 2011. "Characterization and monitoring of subsurface processes using parallel computing and electrical resistivity imaging." AGU Hydrology Section Newsletter. PNNL-SA-80302.
  • Revil A., M. Karaoulis, T.C. Johnson, and A. Kemna. 2011. "Review: Some Low-Frequency Electrical Methods for Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring in Hydrogeology." Hydrogeology Journal 20, no. 4:617-658. PNNL-SA-77010. doi:10.1007/s10040-011-0819-x
  • Wellman D.M., M.B. Triplett, M.D. Freshley, M.J. Truex, R.E. Gephart, T.C. Johnson, and G.B. Chronister, et al. 2011. "DEEP VADOSE ZONE APPLIED FIELD RESEARCH CENTER: TRANSFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION." In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Radioactive Waste Management Symposium (WM 2011): Global Achievements and Challenges in Waste Management, February 27-March 3, 2011, Phoenix, Arizona, 6, 4969-4982, Paper No. 11074. Tucson, Arizona:WM Symposia. PNNL-SA-76702.

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