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Energy and Environment Directorate

Alasdair Crawford

Alasdair Crawford

(503) 417-7551

Biography

Mr. Crawford has been at PNNL since joining as a Post-Bachelor Research Associate in 2011. As an Associate Energy Research Scientist, he has focused his efforts on building physical and economic models of redox flow batteries, allowing for economic optimization of their design. Mr. Crawford has produced similar models for batteries for the Batt500 consortium, empirical models for existing batteries systems on the grid, evaluating new battery technologies for economic viability, and analyzing battery reliability from experimental data.

Research Interests

  • Energy Storage Analysis and Optimization
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Machine Learning
  • Data Visualization

Education and Credentials

  • M.S., Physics, Portland State University
  • B.S., Physics, Washington State University

PNNL Patents

PNNL Publications

2024

  • Crawford A.J., V.V. Viswanathan, J. Thompson, S. Willard, and D. Wu. 2024. "Rapid Detection of Anomalies in Battery Energy Storage System Data." In IEEE Electrical Energy Storage Application and Technologies Conference (EESAT 2024 ), January 29-30, 2024, San Diego, CA, 1-6. Piscataway, New Jersey:IEEE. PNNL-SA-191351. doi:10.1109/EESAT59125.2024.10471217
  • Huang Q., D. Choi, A.J. Crawford, B.K. McNamara, N. Shamim, V.V. Viswanathan, and D.M. Reed, et al. 2024. "Gaining Insight into Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation by a Calorimetric Approach." Journal of Power Sources 608, no. _:Art. No. 234628. PNNL-SA-186087. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234628
  • Patel R.L., Q. Huang, B. Li, A.J. Crawford, B. Modachur Sivakumar, C. Song, and Z. Jiang, et al. 2024. "Reliability Studies of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Upper Limit Voltage Effect." RSC Advances 14, no. 46:34381 - 34389. PNNL-SA-200211. doi:10.1039/d4ra04713c
  • Shamim N., E.C. Thomsen, A.J. Crawford, V.V. Viswanathan, D.M. Reed, V.L. Sprenkle, and G. Li. 2024. "Investigation of Fe-Ni Battery/Module for Grid Service Duty Cycles." Materials 17, no. 12:Art No. 2935. PNNL-SA-190466. doi:10.3390/ma17122935

2023

  • Jun J., V.V. Joshi, A.J. Crawford, V.V. Viswanathan, D. Leonard, J. Chen, and P. Upadhyay, et al. 2023. "Galvanic Corrosion of AZ31B Joined to Dual-Phase Steel with and without Zn layer by Ultrasonic and Friction Stir Welding." Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 11, no. 2:462-479. PNNL-SA-176300. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2023.01.016
  • Ma X., D. Wu, and A.J. Crawford. 2023. "Incorporating Operational Uncertainties into the Dispatch of an Integrated Solar and Storage System." In IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT 2023), January 16-19, 2023, Washington, DC, 1-5. Piscataway, New Jersey:IEEE. PNNL-SA-177048. doi:10.1109/ISGT51731.2023.10066460
  • Viswanathan V.V., A.J. Crawford, E.C. Thomsen, N. Shamim, G. Li, Q. Huang, and D.M. Reed. 2023. "An overview of the design and optimized operation of vanadium redox flow batteries for durations in the range of 4-24 hours." Batteries 9, no. 4:Art. No. 221. PNNL-SA-182087. doi:10.3390/batteries9040221

2022

  • Crawford A.J., and V.V. Viswanathan. 2022. "RFB Side Effects - Shunt Currents." In Encyclopedia of Energy Storage, edited by L.F. Cabeza. 535-544. Amsterdam:Elsevier. PNNL-SA-160239. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-819723-3.00101-3
  • Crawford A.J., D. Wu, and V.V. Viswanathan. 2022. OPALCO - Decatur Island Solar and Energy Storage Project: An Assessment of Battery Technical Performance. PNNL-ACT-10121. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. OPALCO - Decatur Island Solar and Energy Storage Project: An Assessment of Battery Technical Performance
  • Hanif S., M.E. Alam, V. Fotedar, A.J. Crawford, C.K. Vartanian, and V.V. Vishwanathan. 2022. "Managing the Techno-economic Impacts of Partial String Failure in Multistring Energy Storage Systems." Applied Energy 307. PNNL-SA-162124. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118196
  • Huang Q., C. Song, A.J. Crawford, Z. Jiang, A. Platt, K. Fatih, and C. Bock, et al. 2022. "An Ultra-Stable Reference Electrode Development for Scaled All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." RSC Advances 12, no. 50:32173-32184. PNNL-SA-164273. doi:10.1039/D2RA05781F
  • Ma X., D. Wu, and A.J. Crawford. 2022. Energy Northwest - Horn Rapids Solar and Storage: A Techno-economic Assessment. PNNL-ACT-10125. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Energy Northwest - Horn Rapids Solar and Storage: A Techno-economic Assessment

2021

  • Choi D., N. Shamim, A.J. Crawford, Q. Huang, C.K. Vartanian, V.V. Viswanathan, and M.D. Paiss, et al. 2021. "LI-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGY FOR GRID APPLICATION." Journal of Power Sources 511. PNNL-SA-161888. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230419
  • Crawford A.J., D. Choi, P.J. Balducci, V.R. Subramanian, and V.V. Viswanathan. 2021. "Lithium-ion battery physics and statistics-based state of health model." Journal of Power Sources 501. PNNL-SA-160094. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230032
  • Fotedar V., S. Hanif, M.E. Alam, V.V. Viswanathan, A.J. Crawford, and C.K. Vartanian. 2021. "Techno-Economic Impact of Partial String Failurein Multi-string Energy Storage Systems." In Proceedings of the IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia 2021), December 5-8, 2021, Brisbane, Australia, 1-5. Piscataway, New Jersey:IEEE. PNNL-SA-157662. doi:10.1109/ISGTAsia49270.2021.9715675
  • Fotedar V., S. Hanif, M.E. Alam, V.V. Viswanathan, C.K. Vartanian, and A.J. Crawford. 2021. "Techno-Economic Impact of Partial String Failure in Multi-string Energy Storage Systems." In IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia 2021), December 5-8, 2021, Brisbane, Australia, 1-5. Piscataway, New Jersey:IEEE. PNNL-SA-164119. doi:10.1109/ISGTAsia49270.2021.9715675
  • Hanif S., V. Fotedar, A.J. Crawford, and M.E. Alam. 2021. "Impact of Uncertainty on Energy Storage Operation Decisions: Motivation and Framework." In IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM 2021), July 26-29, 2021, Washington DC, 1-5. Piscataway, New Jersey:IEEE. PNNL-SA-157661. doi:10.1109/PESGM46819.2021.9638123

2020

  • Wu D., P.J. Balducci, A.J. Crawford, K. Mongird, and X. Ma. 2020. "Building Battery Energy Storage System Performance Data into an Economic Assessment." In IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM 2020), August 2-6, 2020, Montreal, Canada, 1-5. Piscataway, New Jersey:IEEE. PNNL-SA-149037. doi:10.1109/PESGM41954.2020.9282053

2018

  • Crawford A.J., Q. Huang, M. Kintner-Meyer, J. Zhang, D.M. Reed, V.L. Sprenkle, and V.V. Viswanathan, et al. 2018. "Lifecycle Comparison of Selected Li-ion Battery Chemistries under Grid and Electric Vehicle Duty Cycle Combinations." Journal of Power Sources 380. PNNL-SA-128874. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.080
  • Nagpure S., T. Tanim, E. Dufek, V.V. Viswanathan, A.J. Crawford, S. Wood, and J. Xiao, et al. 2018. "Impacts of lean electrolyte on cycle life for rechargeable Li metal batteries." Journal of Power Sources 407. PNNL-SA-148307. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.10.060
  • Wu D., P.J. Balducci, A.J. Crawford, V.V. Viswanathan, and M. Kintner-Meyer. 2018. "Optimal Control for Battery Storage Using Nonlinear Models." In Electrical Energy Storage Applications and Technologies (EESAT 2017), October 11-13, 2017, San Diego, CA. Washington D.C.:US Department of of Energy/Office of Electricity. PNNL-SA-122197.

2017

  • Alam M.E., P.J. Balducci, V.V. Viswanathan, A.J. Crawford, D. Wu, T.D. Hardy, and K. Mongird. 2017. "CONTROLLING ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE WASHINGTON CLEAN ENERGY FUND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS." In Electrical Energy Storage Applications and Technologies (EESAT 2017), October 11-13, 2017, San Diego, CA. Albuquerque, New Mexico:Sandia National Laboratories. PNNL-SA-131851.
  • Balducci P.J., M.E. Alam, V.V. Viswanathan, D. Wu, A.J. Crawford, K. Mongird, and M.R. Weimar, et al. 2017. "An Economic Assessment of Portland General Electric's Salem Smart Power Center Energy Storage System." In Electrical Energy Storage Applications and Technologies (EESAT 2017), October 11-13, 2017, San Diego, CA. Albuquerque, New Mexico:Sandia National Laboratories. PNNL-SA-129062.
  • Balducci P.J., M.E. Alam, V.V. Viswanathan, D. Wu, A.J. Crawford, K. Mongird, and M.R. Weimar, et al. 2017. The Salem Smart Power Center: An Assessment of Battery Performance and Economic Potential. PNNL-26858. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. doi:10.2172/1406263.The Salem Smart Power Center: An Assessment of Battery Performance and Economic Potential

2016

  • Crawford A.J., E.C. Thomsen, D.M. Reed, D.E. Stephenson, V.L. Sprenkle, J. Liu, and V.V. Viswanathan. 2016. "Development and Validation of Chemistry Agnostic Flow Battery Cost Performance Model and Application to Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Systems." International Journal of Energy Research. PNNL-SA-113966. doi:10.1002/er.3526
  • Li X., P. Yan, M.H. Engelhard, A.J. Crawford, V.V. Viswanathan, C.M. Wang, and J. Liu, et al. 2016. "The Importance of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation for Long Cycle Stability Full-Cell Na-Ion Batteries." Nano Energy 27. PNNL-SA-115949. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.07.030

2015

  • Crawford A.J., V.V. Viswanathan, D.E. Stephenson, W. Wang, E.C. Thomsen, D.M. Reed, and B. Li, et al. 2015. "Comparative analysis for various redox flow batteries chemistries using a cost performance model." Journal of Power Sources 293. PNNL-SA-108277. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.066

2014

  • Conover D.R., V.V. Viswanathan, and A.J. Crawford. 2014. Determination of Duty Cycle for Energy Storage Systems Integrated with Microgrids. PNNL-23390. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Determination of Duty Cycle for Energy Storage Systems Integrated with Microgrids
  • Viswanathan V.V., A.J. Crawford, D.E. Stephenson, S. Kim, W. Wang, B. Li, and G.W. Coffey, et al. 2014. "Cost and Performance Model for Redox Flow Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 247. PNNL-SA-91534. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.023

2013

  • Kim S., E.C. Thomsen, G. Xia, Z. Nie, J. Bao, K.P. Recknagle, and W. Wang, et al. 2013. "1 kW / 1kWh Advanced Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Utilizing Mixed Acid Electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 237. PNNL-SA-92689. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.045
  • Sprenkle V.L., W. Wang, Q. Luo, X. Wei, B. Li, Z. Nie, and B. Chen, et al. 2013. "Redox Flow Battery Development for Stationary Energy Storage Applications at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." In International Flow Battery Forum, June 26-27, 2013, Dublin, Ireland, edited by A. Price and J. Cainey, 48-49. Malmesbury:Swanbarton Limited. PNNL-SA-95927.

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