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Energy and Environment Directorate

Chris Strickland

Chris Strickland

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 372-6431

Biography

Dr. Strickland's research interests focus on the development of geophysical/hydrological subsurface characterization and monitoring methods for improved understanding of geothermal energy, geologic carbon sequestration, and environmental remediation.

Research Interests

  • Wave propagation simulation and inversion methods
  • Joint hydrological and geophysical inversion
  • Field-scale seismic and electromagnetic monitoring
  • Advancements in subsurface sensing and monitoring instrumentation

Education and Credentials

  • Ph.D., Geophysics, Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington
  • M.S., Chemical Physics, Washington State University
  • B.A., Applied and Computational Mathematical Sciences, University of Washington

Affiliations and Professional Service

PNNL Patents

PNNL Publications

2024

  • Johnson T.C., J.A. Burghardt, C.E. Strickland, D. Sirota, V.R. Vermeul, H. Knox, and P.C. Schwering, et al. 2024. "4D Electrical Resistivity Imaging of Stress Perturbations Induced During High-Pressure Shear Stimulation Tests." Geophysical Research Letters 51, no. 10:Art No. e2024GL108423. PNNL-SA-194109. doi:10.1029/2024GL108423

2023

  • Mangel A.R., D.C. Linneman, D. Sirota, J.M. Knox, D.P. Sprinkle, F.D. Day-Lewis, and C.E. Strickland, et al. 2023. Deep Vadose Zone Monitoring Test Bed: FY23 Status Report. PNNL-34956. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Deep Vadose Zone Monitoring Test Bed: FY23 Status Report

2022

  • Johnson T.C., H.A. Knox, C.E. Strickland, C.M. Johnson, J.D. Lowrey, D.P. Sprinkle, and D.C. Linneman, et al. 2022. "3D time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging of rock damage patterns and gas flow paths resulting from two underground chemical explosions." Pure and Applied Geophysics 180. PNNL-SA-169928. doi:10.1007/s00024-022-03165-y
  • Johnson T.C., J.N. Thomle, C.E. Strickland, A.E. Goldman, and J.C. Stegen. 2022. "Riverbed temperature and 4D ERT monitoring reveals heterogeneous horizontal and vertical groundwater-surface water exchange flows under dynamic stage conditions." Frontiers in Earth Science 10. PNNL-SA-174005. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.910058
  • Kneafsey T.J., P. Dobson, C. Ulrich, C. Hopp, V. Rodriguez Tribaldos, Y. Guglielmi, and D.A. Blankenship, et al. 2022. "The EGS Collab Project - Stimulations at Two Depths." In 56th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, June 26-29, 2022, Santa Fe, NM, ARMA-2022-2261. Alexandria, Virginia:American Rock Mechanics Association. PNNL-SA-177261. doi:10.56952/ARMA-2022-2261
  • Strickland C.E., J.M. Knox, D.E. Nelson, D. Sirota, B.Q. Roberts, D.P. Sprinkle, and H.A. Knox, et al. 2022. Real-Time Seismic System for Monitoring, Imaging, and Characterization (RT-SEISMIC). PNNL-33581. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Real-Time Seismic System for Monitoring, Imaging, and Characterization (RT-SEISMIC)

2021

  • Fu P., M. Schoenball, J. Ajo-Franklin, C. Chai, M. Maceira, J. Morris, and H. Wu, et al. 2021. "Close Observation of Hydraulic Fracturing at EGS Collab Experiment 1: Fracture Trajectory, Microseismic Interpretations, and the Role of Natural Fractures." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 126, no. 7:Article No. e2020JB020840. PNNL-SA-163986. doi:10.1029/2020JB020840
  • Johnson T.C., J.A. Burghardt, C.E. Strickland, H.A. Knox, V.R. Vermeul, M.D. White, and P.C. Schwering, et al. 2021. "4D Proxy Imaging of Fracture Dilation and Stress Shadowing Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography During High Pressure Injections into a Dense Rock Formation." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 126, no. 11:Art. No. e2021JB022298. PNNL-SA-161624. doi:10.1029/2021JB022298
  • Linneman D.C., C.E. Strickland, and A.R. Mangel. 2021. "Compressional wave velocity and effective stress in unsaturated soil: Potential application for monitoring moisture conditions in vadose zone sediments." Vadose Zone Journal. PNNL-SA-156560. doi:10.1002/vzj2.20143
  • Wu H., P. Fu, Z.S. Frone, M.D. White, J. Ajo-Franklin, J. Morris, and H.A. Knox, et al. 2021. "Modeling heat transport processes in enhanced geothermal systems: Validation study from EGS Collab Experiment 1." Geothermics 97. PNNL-SA-162770. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102254

2020

  • Schoenball M., J. Ajo-Franklin, D.A. Blankenship, C. Chai, A. Chakravarty, P.F. Dobson, and C. Hopp, et al. 2020. "Creation of a mixed-mode fracture network at mesoscale through hydraulic fracturing and shear stimulation." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 125, no. 12:e2020JB019807. PNNL-SA-151887. doi:10.1029/2020JB019807
  • Thomle J.N., C.E. Strickland, T.C. Johnson, Y. Zhu, and J.C. Stegen. 2020. "A flux detection probe to quantify dynamic groundwater-surface water exchange in the hyporheic zone." Groundwater 58, no. 6:892-900. PNNL-SA-144934. doi:10.1111/gwat.13001

2019

  • Johnson T.C., C.E. Strickland, H. Knox, J. Thomle, V.R. Vermeul, C. Ulrich, and T.J. Kneafsey, et al. 2019. "EGS Collab Project Electrical Resistivity Tomography Characterization and Monitoring." In Proceedings of the 44th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, February 11-13, 2019, Stanford California, SGP-TR-214. Stanford, California:Stanford Geothermal Program. PNNL-SA-138913.
  • Miller Q., H.T. Schaef, S.K. Nune, K. Jung, J.A. Burghardt, P.F. Martin, and M.S. Prowant, et al. 2019. "Geophysical Monitoring with Seismic Metamaterial Contrast Agents." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC 2019), July 22-24, 2019, Denver, CO, Paper No 1123. Richardson, Texas:Society of Petroleum Engineers. PNNL-SA-148890. doi:10.15530/urtec-2019-1123
  • Rod K.A., W. Um, S.M. Colby, M.L. Rockhold, C.E. Strickland, A.P. Kuprat, and S. Han. 2019. "Relative permeability for water and gas through fractures in cement." PLoS One 14, no. 1:Article Number: e0210741. PNNL-SA-124005. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210741
  • Strickland C.E., M.J. Truex, J. Robinson, and T.C. Johnson. 2019. "Advances in Geophysical Monitoring Methods To Support Groundwater Remedies." In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Waste Management Conference (WM2019): Encouraging Young Men & Women to Achieve Their Goals in Radwaste Management, March 3-7 2019, Phoenix, AZ, Paper No. 19096. Tempe, Arizona:WM Symposia. PNNL-SA-139382.
  • Wang G., N. Qafoku, J.E. Szecsody, C.E. Strickland, C.F. Brown, and V.L. Freedman. 2019. "Time-dependent iodate and iodide adsorption to Fe oxides." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 3, no. 11:2415-2420. PNNL-SA-142955. doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00145
  • Zhang Z., C.E. Strickland, and T.C. Johnson. 2019. "Numerical Investigation of the Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Detecting the Waste Zone beneath an Engineered Surface." In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Waste Management Conference (WM2019): Encouraging Young Men & Women to Achieve Their Goals in Radwaste Management, March 3-7 2019, Phoenix, AZ, Paper No. -19066. Tempe, Arizona:WM Symposia. PNNL-SA-139345.

2017

  • Bonneville A.H., T. Cladouhos, K.K. Rose, A. Schultz, C.E. Strickland, and S. Urquhart. 2017. "Improved image of intrusive bodies at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, based on 3D gravity modelling." In Proceedings, 42nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, February 11-15, 2017, Stanford, California, Paper No. SGP-TR-212. Stanford, California:Stanford University. PNNL-SA-123741.
  • Gao Z., E. Russell, J.E. Missik, M. Huang, X. Chen, C.E. Strickland, and R.E. Clayton, et al. 2017. "A novel approach to evaluate soil heat flux calculation: An analytical review of nine methods." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, no. 13:6934-3649. PNNL-SA-127368. doi:10.1002/2017JD027160
  • Knox H., P. Fu, J. Morris, Y. Guglielmi, V.R. Vermeul, J. Ajo-Franklin, and C.E. Strickland, et al. 2017. "Fracture and Flow Designs for the Collab/SIGMA-V Project." Geothermal Resources Council. Transactions. 41. PNNL-SA-128292.
  • Strickland C.E., A.R. Lawter, N. Qafoku, J.E. Szecsody, M.J. Truex, and G. Wang. 2017. Evaluation of Iodine Remediation Technologies in Subsurface Sediments: Interim Status Report. PNNL-26957. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. doi:10.2172/1418095.Evaluation of Iodine Remediation Technologies in Subsurface Sediments: Interim Status Report
  • Strickland C.E., C.D. Johnson, B.D. Lee, N. Qafoku, J.E. Szecsody, M.J. Truex, and V.R. Vermeul. 2017. Identification of Promising Remediation Technologies for Iodine in the UP-1 Operable Unit. PNNL-26934. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. doi:10.2172/1418096.Identification of Promising Remediation Technologies for Iodine in the UP-1 Operable Unit
  • Szecsody J.E., M.J. Truex, B.D. Lee, C.E. Strickland, J.J. Moran, M. Snyder, and C.T. Resch, et al. 2017. Geochemical, Microbial, and Physical Characterization of 200-DV-1 Operable Unit Cores from Boreholes C9552, C9487, and C9488, Hanford Site Central Plateau. PNNL-26266. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
  • Truex M.J., J.E. Szecsody, N. Qafoku, C.E. Strickland, J.J. Moran, B.D. Lee, and M. Snyder, et al. 2017. Contaminant Attenuation and Transport Characterization of 200-DV-1 Operable Unit Sediment Samples. PNNL-26208. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. doi:10.2172/1368134.Contaminant Attenuation and Transport Characterization of 200-DV-1 Operable Unit Sediment Samples
  • Zhang Z., C.E. Strickland, and S.O. Link. 2017. "Design and Performance Evaluation of a 1000-year Evapotranspiration-Capillary Surface Barrier." Journal of Environmental Management 187. PNNL-SA-121353. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.007

2016

  • Gilmore T.J., A.H. Bonneville, E.C. Sullivan, M.E. Kelley, D. Appriou, V.R. Vermeul, and S.K. White, et al. 2016. "Characterization and Design of the FutureGen 2.0 Carbon Storage Site." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 53. PNNL-SA-116762. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.07.022
  • Oostrom M., M.J. Truex, G.V. Last, C.E. Strickland, and G.D. Tartakovsky. 2016. "Evaluation of Deep Vadose Zone Contaminant Flux into Groundwater: Approach and Case Study." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 189. PNNL-SA-117617. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.03.002
  • Vermeul V.R., J.E. Amonette, C.E. Strickland, M.D. Williams, and A. Bonneville. 2016. "An Overview of the Monitoring Program Design for the FutureGen 2.0 CO2 Storage Site." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 51. PNWD-SA-10503. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.05.023

2015

  • Bonneville A., E. Heggy, C.E. Strickland, J. Normand, J.A. Dermond, Y. Fang, and E.C. Sullivan. 2015. "Geophysical Monitoring of Ground Surface Deformation Associated with a Confined Aquifer Storage and Recovery Operation." Water Resources Management 29, no. 13:4667-4682. PNNL-SA-93318. doi:10.1007/s11269-015-1083-y
  • Strickland C.E., T.C. Johnson, and R.I. Odom. 2015. "Three-Dimensional Fréchet Sensitivity Kernels for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation." Geophysical Journal International 203, no. 1:482-505. PNNL-SA-106439. doi:10.1093/gji/ggv272

2014

  • Strickland C.E., V.R. Vermeul, A. Bonneville, E.C. Sullivan, T.C. Johnson, F.A. Spane, and T.J. Gilmore. 2014. "Geophysical Monitoring Methods Evaluation for the FutureGen 2.0 project." Energy Procedia 63. PNWD-SA-10400. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.474
  • Sullivan E.C., B.A. Hardage, C.E. Strickland, A. Bonneville, and T.J. Gilmore. 2014. "Application of three component VSP technology at seismically difficult sites: An example from the FutureGen 2.0 site, Morgan County, Illinois, USA." Energy Procedia 63. PNWD-SA-10391. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.535
  • Szecsody J.E., L. Zhong, J.N. Thomle, V.R. Vermeul, C.E. Strickland, M.D. Williams, and J. Liu, et al. 2014. "Influence of scCO2 Injection on Precipitation and Metals Migration, and Changes in Electrical Resistivity." Energy Procedia 63. PNWD-SA-10402. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.356
  • Vermeul V.R., C.E. Strickland, P.D. Thorne, B.N. Bjornstad, R.D. Mackley, M.E. Kelley, and E.C. Sullivan, et al. 2014. "FutureGen 2.0 Monitoring Program: An Overview of the Monitoring Approach and Technologies Selected for Implementation." Energy Procedia 63. PNWD-SA-10395. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.438
  • Vermeul V.R., J.E. Amonette, C.E. Strickland, J.E. Szecsody, M.D. Williams, A. Bonneville, and T.A. Johnson, et al. 2014. FutureGen 2.0 Monitoring Systems Design Basis and Technology Selection: Geohydrologic, Geochemical and Geophysical Considerations. PNWD-4435. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. FutureGen 2.0 Monitoring Systems Design Basis and Technology Selection: Geohydrologic, Geochemical and Geophysical Considerations

2013

  • Liu Z., M. Flury, Z.F. Zhang, J.B. Harsh, G.W. Gee, C.E. Strickland, and R.E. Clayton. 2013. "Transport of Europium Colloids in Vadose Zone Lysimeters at the Semiarid Hanford Site." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 5:2153-2160. PNNL-SA-94191.
  • Truex M.J., T.C. Johnson, C.E. Strickland, J.E. Peterson, and S.S. Hubbard. 2013. "Monitoring Vadose Zone Desiccation with Geophysical Methods." Vadose Zone Journal 12, no. 2. PNNL-SA-90886. doi:10.2136/vzj2012.0147

2012

  • Johnson T.C., W.J. Greenwood, C.E. Strickland, M.J. Truex, V.L. Freedman, G.B. Chronister, and D.F. Rucker. 2012. "3D Characterization and Time-Lapse Imaging of the Desiccation Treatability Test at the Hanford BC-Cribs and Trenches Site using High Performance Electrical Resistivity Imaging." In Annual Waste Management Symposium (WM2012): Improving the Future in Waste Management, February 26 - March 1, 2012, Pheonix AZ, 2181-2189. Tucson, Arizona:Waste Management Symposia, Inc. PNNL-SA-84065.
  • Oostrom M., T.W. Wietsma, C.E. Strickland, V.L. Freedman, and M.J. Truex. 2012. "Sensor and numerical simulator evaluation for porous medium desiccation and rewetting at the intermediate laboratory scale." Vadose Zone Journal 11, no. 1:Article No. 0089. PNNL-SA-83396. doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0089
  • Truex M.J., M. Oostrom, C.E. Strickland, G.B. Chronister, M.W. Benecke, and C.D. Johnson. 2012. "Field-Scale Assessment of Desiccation Implementation for Deep Vadose Zone Contaminants." Vadose Zone Journal 11, no. 4. PNNL-SA-83775. doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0144
  • Zhang Z.F., C.E. Strickland, J.G. Field, D.L. Parker, and R.E. Clayton. 2012. "Evaluating the Performance of a Surface Barrier on Reducing Soil-Water Flow." Vadose Zone Journal 11, no. 3:Article No. 0117. PNNL-SA-82602. doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0117

2010

  • Slater L., D. Ntarlagiannis, F.D. Day-Lewis, K. Mwakanyamale, R.J. Versteeg, A.L. Ward, and C.E. Strickland, et al. 2010. "Use of Electrical Imaging and Distributed Temperature Sensing Methods to Characterize Surface Water-Groundwater Exchange Regulating Uranium Transport at the Hanford 300 Area, Washington." Water Resources Research 46, no. 10:Paper No. W10533. PNNL-SA-69319. doi:10.1029/2010WR009110
  • Strickland C.E., A.L. Ward, W.P. Clement, and K.E. Draper. 2010. "Engineered Surface Barrier Monitoring Using Ground-Penetrating Radar, Time-Domain Reflectometry, and Neutron-Scattering Techniques." Vadose Zone Journal 9, no. 2:415-423. PNNL-SA-63580. doi:10.2136/vzj2009.0008

Energy and Environment

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